{"id":1653,"date":"2021-04-10T11:33:20","date_gmt":"2021-04-10T03:33:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/?p=1653"},"modified":"2024-04-04T01:21:45","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T17:21:45","slug":"%e7%a7%8d%e6%97%8f%e4%b8%8e%e8%bf%9c%e8%af%bb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/site\/works\/dhjournal\/202003\/1653.html","title":{"rendered":"\u79cd\u65cf\u4e0e\u8fdc\u8bfb"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u57c3\u5fb7\u6e29\u00b7\u7f57\u5170 \uff1b\u8f6c\u81ea\uff1a\u516c\u53f7 DH\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><span style=\"color:#60569a\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"452\" height=\"177\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u7b2c\u4e09\u671f.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u7b2c\u4e09\u671f.png 452w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u7b2c\u4e09\u671f-300x117.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 452px) 100vw, 452px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u82cf\u771f&nbsp;\/&nbsp;\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u9ea6\u5409\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5206\u6790\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u57c3\u5fb7\u6e29\u00b7\u7f57\u5170&nbsp;\/&nbsp;\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u5723\u5df4\u5df4\u62c9\u5206\u6821\u82f1\u8bed\u4e13\u4e1a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0072a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u5c39\u5029(\u8bd1)&nbsp;\/&nbsp;\u4e0a\u6d77\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u6587\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u9648\u5927\u9f99(\u6821)&nbsp;\/&nbsp;\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u5408\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u6458\u8981:<\/span><\/strong>\u968f\u7740\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u5728\u4eba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6e17\u900f\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u7531\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u00b7\u83ab\u96f7\u8482\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u8fdc\u8bfb\u201d\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\u5177\u6709\u542f\u53d1\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u91c7\u7528\u8fdc\u8bfb\u548c\u6587\u672c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u8fdc\u8bfb\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u6279\u5224\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6587\u5316-\u6587\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u6587\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u8fdc\u8bfb\u6279\u5224\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5c06\u63aa\u8f9e\u548c\u53e5\u6cd5\u7b49\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6613\u9020\u6210\u523b\u677f\u5370\u8c61;\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u76ee\u524d\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u6570\u5b57\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bb0\u5f55\u79cd\u65cf\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4e3a\u7a81\u7834\u6b64\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206:\u4e00\u662f\u805a\u7126\u6218\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u9ed1\u4eba\/\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\uff0c\u642d\u5efa\u6a21\u578b\u4ee5\u5206\u6790\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e2d\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6587\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bed\u8bcd\u5e93;\u4e8c\u662f\u4ece\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6a21\u578b\u6279\u5224\u89c6\u89d2\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u89c2\u5bdf\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5982\u4f55\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236(\u767d\u4eba\/\u9ed1\u4eba)\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u5dee\u5f02;\u4e09\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u6587\u672c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63a2\u7a76\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u300b\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u63ed\u793a\u539f\u672c\u9690\u5f62\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u6216\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u53cd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u591f\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b0\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5951\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u5173\u952e\u8bcd:<\/span><\/strong>\u79cd\u65cf \u8fdc\u8bfb \u6587\u672c\u7ec6\u8bfb \u6587\u5b66\u98ce\u683c \u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c \u6a21\u578b\u6279\u5224<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u4e3b\u6301\u4eba\u6309\u8bed:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u7528\u5b9a\u91cf\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u521a\u521a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u662f\u5145\u6ee1\u4e89\u8bae\u5e76\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u62d2\u65a5\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u800c\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u50cf\u7279\u5fb7\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u4f0d\u5fb7(Ted Underwood)\u3001\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u6d3e\u73c0(Andrew Piper)\u548c\u51ef\u745f\u7433\u00b7\u535a\u5fb7(Katherine Bode)\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u6587\u5b66\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e0e\u975e\u865a\u62df\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u533a\u522b\u7b49\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<br>        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       \u79cd\u65cf\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6279\u8bc4\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u628a\u79cd\u65cf\u201c\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u201d(reify)\u4e86\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u628a\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u6027\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5206\u7c7b(\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u5206\u7c7b)\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u4f5c\u4e3a\u767d\u4eba\u6216\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u7c7b\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u538b\u8feb\u5c11\u6570\u79cd\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u800c\u82cf\u771f\u548c\u7f57\u5170\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u65b0\u8def\u5f84\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u4ee5\u7528\u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u4e5f\u66f4\u7a33\u5065\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u54cd\u5e94\u4e86\u5b89\u5fb7\u4f0d\u5fb7\u5728<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzA4NjgzMjI2MA==&amp;mid=2247487977&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=7500b9894b0e24e6e2ccaa075e47d05d&amp;chksm=9fc3f402a8b47d146676f8788e4429360d1d9624b5d5b1ab7ccbca1c3f452c24891a55e9a91d&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\">\u300a\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u4eba\u6587\u89c6\u89d2\u300b<\/a><sup>[1]<\/sup>\u4e2d\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<br>\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u82cf\u771f\u548c\u7f57\u5170\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u79cd\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u6784\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u7c7b\u5185\u5728\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u6216\u5076\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u628a\u79cd\u65cf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u6f14\u5316\u3002<br>        \u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u867d\u7136\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u91cf\u6216\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8eab\u4efd\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u907f\u514d\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u6027\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5206\u7c7b(\u6bd4\u5982\u7537\u6027\u4e0e\u5973\u6027\u3001\u672c\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0e\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u3001\u534e\u88d4\u4e0e\u975e\u534e\u88d4\u7b49)\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u793e\u4f1a\u8eab\u4efd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5728\u4eba\u6587\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5f80\u5f80\u56de\u907f\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u6765\u63a8\u8fdb\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">(\u82cf\u771f)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u5f15 \u8a00<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u672c\u6587\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u8fdc\u8bfb\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u6279\u5224\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6587\u5316-\u6587\u5b66\u5206\u6790(cultural- literary analysis)\u65b9\u6cd5\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u8fdc\u8bfb\u201d(Distant Reading)\u662f\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u00b7\u83ab\u96f7\u8482(Franco Moretti)\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u578b\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u6587\u672c\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5728\u6570\u4ee5\u5343\u8ba1\u7684\u6587\u672c\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0a\u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc6\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u773c(\u6587\u672c\u7ec6\u8bfb)\u505a\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7528\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u5bf9\u6587\u5b66\u6587\u672c\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u5e76\u975e\u65b0\u9c9c\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u501f\u52a9\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u5b66\u98ce\u683c\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u5e74\u9274\u5b66\u6d3e\u56fe\u4e66\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u8bd7\u4eba\u517c\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u7ea6\u745f\u82ac\u00b7\u8fc8\u5c14\u65af(Josephine Miles)\u3001\u6587\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u8a79\u5c3c\u65af\u00b7\u83b1\u5fb7\u5a01(Janice Radway)\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4f2f\u7f57\u65af(John F. Burrows)\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c2013\u5e74\u83ab\u96f7\u8482\u300a\u8fdc\u8bfb\u300b(<em>Distant Reading<\/em>)\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u5168\u9762\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u83ab\u96f7\u8482\u5c06\u8ddd\u79bb\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6761\u4ef6:\u5176\u5141\u8bb8\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u6bd4\u6587\u672c\u5c0f\u5f97\u591a\u6216\u5927\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u5355\u4f4d:\u6bd4\u5982\u88c5\u7f6e\u3001\u4e3b\u9898\u3001\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6d41\u6d3e\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u5728\u8fd9\u65e0\u9650\u5c0f\u548c\u65e0\u9650\u5927\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u81ea\u8eab\u5df2\u7136\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8868\u793a\u2018\u5c11\u5373\u662f\u591a\u2019\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u3002<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u5a1c\u5854\u8389\u00b7\u4f11\u65af\u987f<sup>[3]<\/sup>\u548c\u5766\u5c3c\u5a05\u00b7\u514b\u83b1\u95e8\u7279<sup>[4]<\/sup>\u7b49\uff0c\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u8bd7\u6b4c\u548c\u82f1\u7f8e\u6587\u5b66\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u62d3\u5c55\u548c\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u6587\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5bf9\u7eaf\u6587\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e0a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u5c31\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u8fdc\u8bfb\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u63a2\u7a76\u201c\u53e5\u5b50\u5c42\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u201d(Allison etc.)\u3002<sup>[5]<\/sup>\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u6d3e\u73c0(Andrew Piper)<sup>[6]<\/sup>\u548c\u4f0a\u5a03\u00b7\u6ce2\u7279\u5170\u65af(Eva Portelance)\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u5219\u5c06\u8fdc\u8bfb\u65b9\u6cd5\u63a8\u5411\u4e86\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u8d44\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u4e86\u6587\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6743\u529b\u52a8\u6001\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e66\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u6587\u5b66\u5956(Piper \u548cPortelance)\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c(\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ffd\u968f\u83ab\u96f7\u8482\u811a\u6b65\u548c\u83ab\u96f7\u8482\u672c\u4eba\u7684)\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u90fd\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u63a2\u8ba8\u8eab\u4efd\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u88d4\u8bdd\u8bed\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9020\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5e76\u4e0d\u96be\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8fdc\u8bfb\u9700\u8981\u91cf\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u8fdc\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u5206\u6790\u79cd\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u6216\u79cd\u65cf\u5316\u8bed\u8a00\u8fdb\u884c\u91cf\u5316\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u8981\u5f15\u7528\u8bf8\u5982\u201c\u949f\u5f62\u66f2\u7ebf\u201d(bell curve)\u6216\u201c\u4f18\u751f\u5b66\u201d(eugenics)\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u8054\u60f3\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u8868\u9762\u770b\u6765\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8d2c\u4f4e\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u800c\u4e11\u964b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u7528\u90a3\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6388\u6743\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a\u79cd\u65cf\u5206\u5c42\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f3a\u8c03\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\u6027\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\u56de\u907f\u91cf\u5316\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u91cf\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u5854\u854a\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u5f17\u68ee(Tara McPherson)\u548c\u91d1\u00b7\u52a0\u4f26(Kim Gallon)\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u201d\u5982\u4f55\u6f5c\u5728\u5730\u5bf9\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u7801\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u9ea6\u514b\u5f17\u68ee\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u5dee\u5f02\u4e0e1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u6570\u636e\u6316\u6398\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u573a\u6280\u672f\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u53d7\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u4e4b\u91cd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5f71\u54cd(McPherson)<sup>[7]<\/sup>\u3002\u52a0\u4ed1\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u52a0\u6279\u5224\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u5979\u547c\u5401\u6784\u5efa\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u201d(black digital humanities)\uff0c\u5c06\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u7528\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u6216\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u90fd\u4ee5\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u6279\u5224\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0<sup>[8]<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u95ee\u9898\u5373\u53ef\u8bf4\u660e\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u662f\u8352\u8c2c\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7ed9\u4f60\u4e00\u5c0f\u6bb5\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u53ea\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u8fd9\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u65f6\u95f4\u4ecb\u4e8e1950\u5e74\u52302000\u5e74\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u80fd\u731c\u51fa\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u5417?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u7aa5\u89c1\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u591a\u4e48\u8352\u8c2c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u4e48\u65e0\u793c\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u5c06\u63aa\u8f9e\u548c\u53e5\u6cd5\uff0c\u6216\u98ce\u683c\u548c\u53d9\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u91cd\u73b0\u523b\u677f\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u53ea\u5199X\u6216Y\uff0c\u800c\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5199A\u6216B\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f20\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u7b80\u7ea6\u6027\u7684\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u5b9e\u8df5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u201c\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u201d(racial identity)\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u8868\u6f14\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u60c5\u5883;\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u201d(Negro)\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4f5c\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u6216\u9ed1\u4eba(black)\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\u90fd\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u201d\u6587\u5b66(\u201cblack\u201d literature)\u521b\u4f5c\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e89\u8fa9\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u201d\u6587\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u533a\u5206\u592a\u4e0d\u5408\u903b\u8f91\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u7ebf\u5e7f\u544a\u5546\u6070\u6070\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4f7f\u7528\u5206\u7c7b\u7b97\u6cd5\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u8bcd\u8bed\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u5c06\u8fdc\u8bfb\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u9ea6\u514b\u5f17\u68ee\u548c\u52a0\u4ed1\u5916\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u52b3\u4f26\u00b7\u514b\u83b1\u6069(Lauren F. Klein)<sup>[9]<\/sup>\u548c\u7f57\u76ae\u5361\u00b7\u91cc\u8428\u59c6(Roopika Risam)<sup>[10]<\/sup>\u7b49\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8fd8\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u73b0\u6709\u6570\u5b57\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u62d3\u5c55\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5177\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u8fdc\u8bfb\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6b64\u6a21\u5f0f\u5bf9\u80fd\u4f7f\u5176\u4ece\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u770b\u5f85\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u7ee7\u514b\u83b1\u6069\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u8fdc\u8bfb\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u63a2\u7d22\u5176\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u8fdc\u8bfb\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u5bf9\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6574\u5408\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5bf9\u6587\u5b66\u6279\u8bc4\u5199\u4f5c\u6709\u6f5c\u5728\u76ca\u5904\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u8fdc\u8bfb\u6a21\u5f0f;\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6279\u5224\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591\u5e76\u8c03\u6574\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fbe\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684:\u4e00\u662f\u9610\u660e\u7528\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027;\u4e8c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u6807\u51c6\u8ba1\u7b97\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u589e\u8fdb\u5bf9\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u672c\u548c\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fdc\u8bfb\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u89c6\u89d2(\u6279\u5224\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528)\u4f7f\u5f97\u5bf9\u79cd\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u9610\u91ca\u79cd\u65cf\u5206\u5c42\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u63ed\u9732\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u6587\u5b66\u53f2\u4e2d\u539f\u672c\u88ab\u906e\u853d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u4e00\u3001\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u80fd\u5426\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u88ab\u6b63\u5f0f\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u6587\u5b66\u201d(\u6bd4\u5982\u5c0f\u8bf4)\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5236\u54c1(textual artifacts)\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u8bdd\u8bed?\u4e3a\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u533a\u522b\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6587\u672c\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u6218\u540e\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u6784\u5efa\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\uff0c\u6b64\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u7684\u6587\u672c\u8d44\u6e90\u5305\u62ec\u88ab\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u914d\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3002\u4ee5\u671f\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u5305\u62ec\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u672c\u8d44\u6e90\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u548c\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\uff0c\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u5199\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5982\u4e0b:\u4e00\u6279\u4efb\u804c\u4e8e\u582a\u8428\u65af\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u56fe\u4e66\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\uff0c\u5728\u739b\u4e3d\u739b\u00b7\u683c\u96f7\u5384\u59c6(MaryemmaGraham)\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u9ed1\u4eba\u5199\u4f5c\u5386\u53f2\u9879\u76ee(Projecton the History of Black Writing)\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u82b1\u4e8620\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u83b7\u53d6\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u6216\u81ea\u79f0\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u7eb8\u8d28\u526f\u672c\u3002\u8fd9\u6279\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u5458\u603b\u5171\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5927\u7ea61,200\u672c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e8e1880\u5e74\u81f32000\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u5728\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9220\u90e8\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6837\u672c\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u52a9\u7406\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6027\u522b\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u5f88\u4e25\u683c\u7684:\u8981\u6309\u6027\u522b\u5bf9\u4f5c\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u6807\u8bb0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u627e\u5230\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6027\u522b\u6216\u4f5c\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u8bc6\u522b\u5176\u6027\u522b\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u7b26\u5408\u8fd9\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u5219\u5bf9\u5176\u4e0d\u52a0\u6807\u8bb0\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8be5\u4f5c\u8005\u7f6e\u4e8e\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u8fd9220\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u672c\u548c\u975e\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u672c\u7684\u6258\u59ae\u00b7\u83ab\u91cc\u68ee(Toni Morrison)\u7684\u300a\u5ba0\u513f\u300b(<em>Beloved<\/em>)\u548c\u975e\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u672c\u7684\u6885\u5c14\u6587\u00b7\u8303\u6bd4\u6ce2\u65af(Melvin Van Peebles)\u7684\u300a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u300b(<em>True American<\/em>)\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u582a\u8428\u65af\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u9610\u91ca\u4e86\u9ed1\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6587\u5b66\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5212\u5206\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9887\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u800c\u4e3a\u4e86\u6784\u5efa\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u6839\u636e\u9986\u85cf\u4e66\u76ee\u6570\u636e\u5e93WorldCat\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u4e861950\u5e74\u81f32000\u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u9986\u85cf\u7684\u4e24\u4e07\u90e8\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u83b7\u53d6\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u7ea69,000\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6587\u672c\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u4e0a\u6587\u4e2d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u52a9\u7406\u56e2\u961f\u4e00\u8d77\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5217\u8868\u4e0a\u6bcf\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6027\u522b\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5217\u8868\u51cf\u5c11\u81f3\u5927\u7ea65,900\u90e8\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e00\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u4f53\u88c1(genre)\u8fdb\u884c\u6838\u5b9e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7eaf\u6587\u5b66\u5c0f\u8bf4(literary fiction)\u6216\u4fa6\u63a2\u5c0f\u8bf4(detective novel)\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9a\u6587\u672c\u4f53\u88c1\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u5f88\u4e25\u683c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u4f53\u88c1\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u8054\u7cfb\u4e00\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u4e13\u95e8\u53bb\u6838\u5b9e\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5217\u8868\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u53ea\u67091,000\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ece\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u4f53\u88c1\u4e2d\u5206\u522b\u968f\u673a\u62bd\u53d655\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7545\u9500\u4e66\u3001\u83b7\u5956\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3001\u79d1\u5e7b\u5c0f\u8bf4\u548c\u4fa6\u63a2\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3002\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u63a7\u5236\u5728220\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u5728\u5927\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u65b9\u9762\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u597d\u6709220\u90e8\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6587\u672c<sup>[11]<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe1-1024x596.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1704\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe1-1024x596.png 1024w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe1-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe1-768x447.png 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe1-1536x894.png 1536w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe1-2048x1193.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>WorldCat\u9996\u9875\uff0chttps:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/?&amp;lang=en&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u9650\u5236\u57281950\u5e74\u52302000\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u8db3\u591f\u957f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u52a8\u5411\u53d8\u5316;\u4e5f\u8db3\u591f\u77ed\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u5316\u8bcd\u8bed\u610f\u4e49\u53d1\u751f\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u201d(colored)\u6216\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u201d(Negro)\u3002\u7ee7\u9a6c\u4fee\u00b7\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u68ee<sup>[12]<\/sup>\u548c\u5185\u5c14\u00b7\u4f69\u56e0\u7279<sup>[13]<\/sup>\u7b49\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u5bf9\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u901a\u8fc7\u8bed\u8a00\u88ab\u8ba8\u8bba\u3001\u5448\u73b0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u6309\u7167\u4f53\u88c1\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7ec6\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u5224\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u5426\u6e90\u4e8e\u4f53\u88c1\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u79cd\u65cf\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u6d1b\u7279(Eric Lott)\u7b49\u6587\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u4f53\u88c1\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6027\u522b\uff0c\u4ee5\u660e\u786e\u6027\u522b\u662f\u5426\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u6216\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5199\u4f5c\u4e2d\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9a\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u5c06\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u672c\u4f53(racial ontology)\u5e76\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u6216\u9ed1\u79cd\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5730\u70b9\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6df7\u8840\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5185\u62c9\u00b7\u62c9\u68ee(Nella Larsen)\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u7c7b\u81ea1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u62c9\u68ee\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5979\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7a46\u62c9\u5854\u201d<sup>[14]<\/sup>\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7ed9\u4f5c\u8005\u8d34\u4e0a\u767d\u4eba\u6216\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u906e\u853d\u6389\u4ea4\u53c9\u6027\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\u3002\u50cf\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29(James Baldwin)\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e2d\u88ab\u8d34\u4e0a\u4e86\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u4f46\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u540c\u6027\u604b\u8005\u548c\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3002\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u6700\u540e\u90e8\u5206\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u8003\u8651\u79cd\u65cf\u5316\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u6682\u65f6\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u8eab\u4efd\u89c6\u4e3a\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u201c\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u5bf9\u5df2\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9996\u6b21\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u91c7\u7528\u5206\u7c7b\u7b97\u6cd5(classification algorithm)<sup>[15]<\/sup>\u3002\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6587\u672c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9884\u6d4b\u8be5\u6587\u672c\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u8d26\u6237\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u4f1a\u5c06\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u201d\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u201c\u5783\u573e\u90ae\u4ef6\u201d\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u62e6\u622a\u6536\u4ef6\u7bb1\u4e2d\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3a\u5783\u573e\u90ae\u4ef6\u7684\u90ae\u4ef6\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b66\u4e60\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5411\u4e00\u53f0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f93\u5165\u4e86\u6570\u4ee5\u4e07\u8ba1\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u5783\u573e\u90ae\u4ef6\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\u3002\u8be5\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5c06\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u672c\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u6587\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u54ea\u4e9b\u6587\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7c7b\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u63aa\u8f9e(\u5783\u573e\u90ae\u4ef6\u66f4\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u201c\u4f1f\u54e5\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bcd)\u3001\u8bed\u6cd5(\u5783\u573e\u90ae\u4ef6\u66f4\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5)\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u4f7f\u7528(\u5783\u573e\u90ae\u4ef6\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4eba\u79f0)\u7b49\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5c06\u91cf\u5316\u8fd9\u4e9b\u503e\u5411\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5783\u573e\u90ae\u4ef6\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u4f1f\u54e5\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u7684\u5341\u500d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u503e\u5411(\u5177\u6709\u5b9a\u91cf\u6743\u91cd\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5217\u8868)\u6210\u4e3a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u201c\u601d\u7ef4\u76ee\u5f55\u201d(mental catalogue)\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u533a\u5206\u4e24\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u3002\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u672f\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8bed\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u201d(language model)\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5c06\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u6267\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u7ed9\u8fd9\u53f0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a100\u5c01\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u672a\u52a0\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u6839\u636e\u5176\u201c\u601d\u7ef4\u76ee\u5f55\u201d\u9884\u6d4b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u90ae\u4ef6\u8fd8\u662f\u5783\u573e\u90ae\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u9884\u6d4b\u4e86\u6240\u7ed9\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6b63\u786e\u7387\u8fbe95%\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5224\u65ad\u8bed\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u662f\u51c6\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6b63\u786e\u7387\u4f4e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9608\u503c\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5c31\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u8c03\u6574\u6743\u91cd\u3001\u5220\u9664\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6539\u8fdb\u5176\u76ee\u5f55\u5e76\u518d\u6b21\u8fd0\u884c\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u6211\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5176\u6027\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u6216\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u9608\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        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classification)\u5e76\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u5e76\u4e0d\u53bb\u5426\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u672c\u6587\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u91cd\u5efa\u6a21\u578b\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f7f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5408\u7406\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u63d0\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bba\u70b9\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u578b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u6216\u6587\u672c\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u8d4b\u4e88\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u6807\u8bb0\u4ee5\u5212\u5206\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u754c\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6807\u8bb0\u51fa\u754c\u7ebf\u7684\u5f3a\u5f31\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u540d\u4e49\u7c7b\u522b(nominal categories)\u5f00\u59cb\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u521d\u59cb\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u7d22\u5176\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5076\u7136\u6027\u6216\u7ec6\u5fae\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u91c7\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u5929\u771f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u751f\u6210\u5173\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u6269\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e2d\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6587\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6b64\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u80fd\u6355\u6349\u5230\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5730\u6bd4\u8f83\u5206\u6790\u6587\u672c\u3002\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u5171\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u79cd\u7279\u5f81:\u63aa\u8f9e(diction)\u3001\u53e5\u6cd5(syntax)\u548c\u53d9\u8ff0(narrative)<sup>[16]<\/sup>\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba9\u6a21\u578b\u8ba1\u7b97\u7279\u5b9a\u5355\u8bcd\u5728\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8bcd\u9891\u4e0d\u80fd\u6355\u6349\u5230\u6bd4\u55bb(metaphor)\u6216\u8bbd\u523a(irony)\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7aa5\u89c1\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u578b\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0d\u540c\u8bcd\u6027(\u6bd4\u5982\u540d\u8bcd\u548c\u526f\u8bcd)\u5728\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6d4b\u91cf\u8bcd\u8bed\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u9650\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u80fd\u63ed\u793a\u6587\u672c\u6bb5\u843d\u5c42\u7684\u53e5\u6cd5\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63ed\u793a\u6587\u672c\u53e5\u5b50\u5c42\u7684\u53e5\u6cd5\u4e60\u60ef\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e86\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u201c\u4e8c\u5143\u5206\u8bcd\u201d(bigrams)\uff0c\u5373\u6210\u5bf9\u8bcd\u7c7b(parts of speech\uff0c\u5982\u540d\u8bcd\u540e\u63a5\u526f\u8bcd)\u5728\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u578b\u8ba1\u7b97\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e0e\u6587\u672c\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4e16\u754c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e0e\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3001\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7269\u5bf9\u53d9\u8ff0\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5747\u503c\uff0c\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u624b\u5de5\u5236\u54c1\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u70b9\u6216\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u5747\u503c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u7b2c\u4e09\u7c7b\u7279\u5f81\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u53d9\u8ff0\u201d\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6b64\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d9\u4e8b\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6355\u6349\u5230\u6587\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u53d9\u4e8b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u8fd8\u5f88\u7c97\u7cd9\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d9\u4e8b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3001\u4eba\u7269\u3001\u7269\u54c1\u548c\u80cc\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        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       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class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><span style=\"color:#898989\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u88681<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe2-1-1024x245.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1705\" width=\"646\" height=\"155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe2-1-1024x245.png 1024w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe2-1-300x72.png 300w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe2-1-768x184.png 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe2-1-1536x367.png 1536w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe2-1.png 1966w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><span style=\"color:#898989\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u88682<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe3-1024x368.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1706\" width=\"642\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe3-1024x368.png 1024w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe3-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe3-768x276.png 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe3-1536x553.png 1536w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe3.png 1968w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u4e8c\u3001\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u6a21\u578b\u6279\u5224<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5206\u6790\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u89e3\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6587\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u201d(whiteness)\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u5bf9\u8bed\u8a00\u9650\u5b9a(linguistic qualification\uff0c\u5373\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u63a8\u8fdf)\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u6216\u8005\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u6587\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u6027\u201d(blackness)\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u548c\u52a8\u4f5c\u7684\u6ce8\u91cd\u8d85\u8fc7\u5bf9\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6ce8\u91cd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u88ab\u79cd\u65cf\u5316(\u201c\u767d\u7684\u201d[white]\u3001\u201c\u6709\u8272\u7684\u201d[colored])\u3002\u6216\u8005\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9605\u8bfb\u8d44\u6599\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5176\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u3002\u533a\u522b\u660e\u663e\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5217\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u521d\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u4ecd\u7136\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6c89\u91cd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u76f4\u63a5\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5982\u4f55\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236(\u767d\u4eba\/\u9ed1\u4eba)\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u50cf\u52a0\u91cc\u00b7\u5965\u57fa\u5e0c\u6d1b(Gary Okihiro)<sup>[18]<\/sup>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u7814\u7a76\u5f80\u5f80\u8d85\u8d8a\u6216\u62b5\u5236\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u3001\u7262\u4e0d\u53ef\u7834\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5904\u7406\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        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       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       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       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       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Crow)\u6cd5<sup>[21]<\/sup>\u65bd\u884c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u522b\u81ea1950\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5206\u6563\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fd9\u6837\u4e86\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u201d\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u70b9\u3002\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u201d\u662f\u201c\u65e0\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u201d(unmarked)\u6216\u201c\u65e0\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u201d(contentless)\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u201d\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e00\u81f4\u7684<sup>[22]<\/sup>\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u6d1b\u7279<sup>[23]<\/sup>\u548c\u83ab\u91cc\u68ee\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u5f97\u81ea\u5b83\u4e0e\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u6027\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ed\u5c0f\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u6027\u201d\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u624d\u80fd\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        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       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class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe4-1024x642.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1707\" width=\"540\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe4-1024x642.png 1024w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe4-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe4-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe4-1536x963.png 1536w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe4.png 1908w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><figcaption>\u56fe1 \u5c0f\u8bf4\u4f5c\u8005\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u9884\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\uff0c1950-2000<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>        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labels)\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6587\u672c\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5176\u4e0d\u5e94\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u5706\u5708\u843d\u5728\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u8d8b\u52bf\u7ebf\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u843d\u5728\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u8d8b\u52bf\u7ebf\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u51fa\u4eba\u610f\u6599\u5730\u653e\u7f6e\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u8bc6\u522b(\u6216\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        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       \u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u66f4\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u53f0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6807\u8bb0\u533a\u522b\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e:\u533a\u5206\u767d\u4eba\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5b83\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5206\u6790\u8303\u7574\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u53ef\u8fa8\u8bc6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f6c\u6362\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u66f4\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\u6709\u591a\u4e0d\u660e\u786e?\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u51cf\u5c11?\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6bd4\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5417?\u6211\u4eec\u68c0\u9a8c\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe<sup>[25]<\/sup>\u3002\u6309\u7167\u5e74\u4efd\u53d1\u73b0\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6587\u672c\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6bd4\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8981\u5927\u5f97\u591a(\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4e94\u500d)\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u662f\u7531\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u4e09\u3001\u6587\u672c\u7ec6\u8bfb:\u300a\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u300b(<em>Giovanni\u2019s Room<\/em>)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u5bf9\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6587\u672c\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u5f53\u524d\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u6a21\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u8fdb\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u7684\u65b0\u89c1\u89e3\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4ecd\u7565\u663e\u7c97\u7cd9\u3002\u5728\u5df2\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u767d\u4eba\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u9608\u503c\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9608\u503c\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684?\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u53ca\u5206\u6790\u8303\u7574\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u533a\u5206\u662f\u89c6\u60c5\u51b5\u800c\u53d8\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u53c8\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d?\u800c\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u8303\u7574\u7c7b\u522b\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u518d\u6b21\u56de\u5230\u6587\u672c\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u4ee5\u4e00\u822c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0a\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7c92\u5ea6(granularity)\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u53ef\u89c1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u7c7b\u522b\u8868\u660e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6700\u521d\u5bf9\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u7406\u89e3\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u4fb5\u8680\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u90e8\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u539f\u56e0\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u7834\u706d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u5728\u6700\u540e\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6587\u672c:\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u300b(1956)<sup>[26]<\/sup>\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u7531\u8457\u540d\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u5bb6\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4?\u56e0\u4e3a\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6bd4\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5176\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u201c\u9ed1\u767d\u5206\u754c\u7ebf\u201d(color-line)\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e2d\u6536\u5f55\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u516d\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u88ab\u6b63\u786e\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u540c\u65f6\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u6b63\u786e\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8ba9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7279\u522b\u201c\u56f0\u60d1\u201d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6587\u672c\u6807\u8bb0\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u9ed1\u767d\u5206\u754c\u7ebf\u201d\u7684\u4e24\u4fa7\u3002\u8fd9\u516d\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\u3001\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u535a\u5c14\u65af(Robert E. Boles)\u3001\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u5c3c(Samuel Delany)\u3001\u4f11\u00b7\u970d\u5c14\u987f(Hugh Holton)\u3001\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a(Charles Johnson)\u548c\u8bfa\u62c9\u00b7\u5fb7\u6d1b\u5947(Nora De Loach)\u3002\u800c\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e2d\u8131\u9896\u800c\u51fa\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5f02\u4e4e\u5bfb\u5e38\u5730\u786e\u4fe1\u4ed6\u65e2\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u5b83\u9884\u6d4b\u5230\u670999.9%\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u9ad8\u5c71\u4e0a\u7684\u547c\u5524\u300b(<em>Go Tell It on the Mountain<\/em>)\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u5199\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u572887.4%\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u300b\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5199\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u539f\u672c\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5c06\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206\u7684\u754c\u9650\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5931\u6548\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u8bfb\u8005\u5373\u4f7f\u5bf9\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u975e\u5e38\u719f\u6089\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6218\u540e\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5b66\u6587\u672c\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u60ca\u8bb6\u3002\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u300b\u4e2d\u4eba\u7269\u89d2\u8272\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u662f\u767d\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6545\u4e8b\u4e3b\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u3002\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e861950\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u767d\u4eba\u7537\u5b50\u5927\u536b(David)\u4e0e\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7537\u5b50\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c(Giovanni)\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u66a7\u6627\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u5927\u536b\u5047\u88c5\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u6027\u604b\u8005\u7684\u6027\u7ecf\u5386:\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u548c\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u7b49\u7537\u5b50\u6709\u8fc7\u591a\u6b21\u4ea4\u5f80\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5973\u6027\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u5f02\u6027\u604b\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5f20\u529b\u5728\u4e8e\u5927\u536b\u65e0\u6cd5\u627f\u53d7\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u538b\u529b\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u6218\u540e\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u5219\u5341\u5206\u6e34\u671b\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u7537\u6027\u5efa\u7acb\u6d6a\u6f2b\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e0\u6cd5\u8c03\u548c\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u57281956\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u540c\u6027\u604b\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5766\u7387\u63cf\u5199\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u81ea\u90a3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6b64\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5c31\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u9177\u513f\u6587\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe5-709x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1708\" width=\"464\" height=\"670\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe5-709x1024.png 709w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe5-208x300.png 208w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe5-768x1110.png 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe5.png 1002w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 464px) 100vw, 464px\" \/><figcaption>\u300a\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u300b(<em>Giovanni\u2019s Room<\/em>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>        1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u7814\u7a76\u666e\u904d\u96be\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u90e8\u5927\u80c6\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6885\u00b7\u4ea8\u5fb7\u68ee(Mae Henderson)\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0e\u201c\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4e5f\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6027\u522b\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u800c\u62b9\u53bb\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u6027\u201d<sup>[27]<\/sup>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u4e5f\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u300b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u6027\u522b\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u6765\u201c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u201d\u79cd\u65cf\u5dee\u5f02<sup>[28]<\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4e92\u6362(racial passing)\u4ee5\u7f6e\u6362\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6027\u522b\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4e92\u6362(sexual passing)\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u672f\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u6743\u529b\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u6587\u672c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u6240\u663e\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u6e90\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u9ed1\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u540c\u6027\u604b\u90fd\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b64\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u6279\u5224\u548c\u5bf9\u79cd\u65cf\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u88ab\u201c\u6027\u201d\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u3002\u963f\u91cc\u4e9a\u00b7\u963f\u5e03-\u62c9\u8d6b\u66fc\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u662f\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\u5bf9\u2018\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u2019\u7684\u6279\u5224\u4e0a\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\u8fd9\u79cd\u6279\u5224\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u5bf9\u9177\u513f\u6027(queerness)<strong>\u79cd\u65cf\u5316<\/strong>(racializing)\u6548\u679c\u7684\u5fae\u5999\u6697\u793a\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u201d<sup>[29]<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        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       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       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       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       \u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u767d\u201d(white)\u7684\u7f3a\u5c11?\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5728\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u7528\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u63cf\u7ed8\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u5728\u989c\u8272\u548c\u8d28\u5730\u65b9\u9762\u63cf\u8ff0\u684c\u5b50\u3001\u5899\u58c1\u3001\u6536\u97f3\u673a\u548c\u886c\u886b\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u5448\u73b0\u7206\u70b8\u5f0f\u589e\u957f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>        \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u786e\u6709\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u516d\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ad9\u5728\u950c\u67dc\u524d\u559d\u7740\u7ea2\u8461\u8404\u9152\u548c\u767d\u8461\u8404\u9152\uff0c\u800c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u518d\u5e74\u8f7b\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ee1\u8138\u9ebb\u5b50\u7684\u7537\u6027\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u76f8\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5973\u6027\u6b63\u5728\u7a97\u6237\u9644\u8fd1\u73a9\u5f39\u7403\u673a\u3002\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u4eba\u5750\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u684c\u5b50\u65c1\uff0c\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u975e\u5e38\u5e72\u51c0\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5458\u62db\u5f85\u3002\u5728\u9ed1\u6697\u4e2d\uff0c\u80ae\u810f\u7684\u5899\u58c1\uff0c\u5e03\u6ee1\u952f\u5c51\u7684\u5730\u677f\uff0c\u670d\u52a1\u5458\u7684<strong>\u767d\u8272\u5939\u514b<\/strong>\u50cf\u96ea\u4e00\u6837\u95ea\u95ea\u53d1\u5149\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u684c\u5b50\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u77a5\u89c1\u53a8\u623f\u548c\u90a3\u4e2a\u7c97\u9c81\u3001\u80a5\u80d6\u7684\u53a8\u5e08\u3002\u4ed6\u7b28\u62d9\u5730\u8d70\u6765\u8d70\u53bb\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u8f86\u8d85\u8f7d\u7684\u5361\u8f66\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6234\u7740\u4e00\u9876\u9ad8\u9ad8\u7684<strong>\u767d\u8272<\/strong>\u5e3d\u5b50\uff0c\u5634\u5507\u95f4\u5939\u7740\u4e00\u652f\u96ea\u8304<sup>[30]<\/sup>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e55\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6545\u4e8b\u65e9\u671f\u3002\u6545\u4e8b\u4e3b\u89d2\u662f\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u3001\u5927\u536b\u548c\u7eaa\u5c27\u59c6(Guillaume)\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7eaa\u5c27\u59c6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e74\u957f\u7684\u540c\u6027\u604b\u7537\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u6ce2\u897f\u7c73\u4e9a\u9910\u5385\u5403\u996d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\uff0c\u5728\u5e72\u51c0\u4e0e\u80ae\u810f\u3001\u7eaf\u6d01\u4e0e\u7c97\u9119\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u4e4d\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u5355\u8bcd\u201c\u767d\u201d(white)\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u51f8\u663e\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u660e\u6697\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\u5bf9\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u5c0f\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u7ecf\u6d4e(sexual economy)\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u620f\u5267\u5316\u5904\u7406\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u662f\u5e74\u957f\u7684\u3001\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u7537\u5b50\u4e0e\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u3001\u8d2b\u56f0\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7528\u98df\u7269\u6362\u53d6\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea4\u6362\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5f88\u5fae\u5999\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e3a\u5265\u524a\u3002\u9152\u5427\u91cc\u7684\u7537\u5b69\u4eec\u90fd\u6709\u4ee3\u7406:\u5f53\u987e\u5ba2\u4eec\u8d70\u8fdb\u9910\u5385\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4f34\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u51e0\u5929\u9700\u8981\u6d88\u8d39\u591a\u5c11\u94b1&#8230;&#8230;\u201d<sup>[31]<\/sup>\u867d\u7136\u7ecf\u6d4e\u62ee\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u7537\u5b69\u4eec\u4e92\u76f8\u7167\u987e\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u4e0e\u5e74\u957f\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u534f\u5546\u5176\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        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class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"474\" height=\"316\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe6.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1709\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe6.jpeg 474w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u56fe6-300x200.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\" \/><figcaption>James Baldwin<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u767d\u201d(white)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8fd8\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4ece\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6d88\u5931\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5f88\u5feb\u3002\u6545\u4e8b\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u5168\u4ece\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u767d\u8272\u7269\u54c1\u662f\u7528\u4ee5\u63d0\u793a\u4e00\u7ec4\u793e\u4ea4\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6587\u672c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u54c1\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u793e\u4ea4\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u5f3a\u5316\u8bcd(intensifier)\u5728\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u9610\u8ff0\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u90a3\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8(social interactions):\u7edd\u5bf9(absolutely)\u3001\u975e\u5e38(very)\u548c\u5f53\u7136(of course)\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u975e\u5e38\u201d(very)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6700\u663e\u8457\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u8d85\u8fc7200\u6b21\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u9884\u6d4b\u51fa\u4e00\u672c\u5c0f\u8bf4\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u9891\u7387\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u5230\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8bed\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u536b\u5199\u7ed9\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e2d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u5bf9\u5927\u536b\u8bf4\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u4e24\u53e5\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a<strong>\u975e\u5e38<\/strong>(very)\u8ff7\u4eba\u3001\u82f1\u4fca\u5e76\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u7ec5\u58eb\u98ce\u5ea6\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u7ef4\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53d8\u5f97\u201c<strong>\u975e\u5e38<\/strong>(very)\u7b80\u5355\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5927\u536b\u7684\u672a\u5a5a\u59bb\u56de\u5230\u5df4\u9ece\u4e4b\u540e\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5927\u536b\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u65ad\u7136\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u5426\u9884\u6599\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u4f1a\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u6d77\u62c9(Hella)\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53bb\u7ea6\u4f1a\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba?\u201c\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u201d(Of&nbsp;<strong>course<\/strong>)\u3002\u5979\u662f\u5426\u8ba9\u4ed6\u627f\u8ba4\u9664\u4e86\u4e0e\u5979\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4ee5\u5916\u4ed6\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e00\u5207?\u201c\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u201d(Of&nbsp;<strong>course<\/strong>&nbsp;not)<sup>[33]<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u6216\u8005\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u4e00\u4e0b\u5927\u536b\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u5f53\u5927\u536b\u6700\u7ec8\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u540c\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u654c\u610f\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u65f6:\u201c\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u8138\u53d8\u4e86\u3002\u5b83\u53d8\u5f97\u6781\u5176\u53e4\u8001\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u53d8\u5f97<strong>\u7edd\u5bf9\u5730<\/strong>\u5e74\u8f7b\u4e14\u65e0\u52a9\u3002\u6211\u8bb0\u5f97\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6211\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u53d7\u82e6\uff0c\u4e14\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u53d7\u82e6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6211\u4f53\u5185\u5e76\u8eab\u5904\u8fd9\u573a\u5bc2\u9759\u800c\u5bd2\u51b7\u7684\u98ce\u66b4\u4e2d\u5fc3\u800c\u611f\u5230<strong>\u7edd\u5bf9\u5730<\/strong>\u9707\u60ca\u201d<sup>[34]<\/sup>\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5f3a\u5316\u8bcd\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u5730\u201d(absolutely)\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f3a\u5316\u8bcd\u5f88\u5feb\u5730\u5728\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u8fde\u7eed\u51fa\u73b0\u4e24\u6b21\u3002\u5927\u536b\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8bed\u4ea7\u751f\u4e92\u52a8:\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u5730\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u9996\u5148\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5176\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u8138\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528\u4ee5\u523b\u753b\u5927\u536b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u548c\u5185\u5fc3\u611f\u53d7\u3002\u5927\u536b\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f3a\u70c8\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u955c\u50cf(mirroring)\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>         \u5728\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u5173\u6ce8\u5230\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u201d(whitness)\u6697\u793a\u7740\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd0\u7528\u67d0\u4e9b\u8bcd\u8bed\u5f3a\u5316\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0(\u201c\u975e\u5e38\u201d[very]\uff0c\u201c\u5f53\u7136\u201d[of course])\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u4e3a\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u201d\u7684\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u9690\u79d8\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u91cd\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u7ec6\u60f3\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\u5217\u8868\u4e0a\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd:\u9707\u60ca(appalled)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5728\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u53ea\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u5bf9\u8ba9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5c06\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u300b\u9519\u8bef\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u5199\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5374\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8bed\u4e0e\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5b83\u5728\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8bed\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u5927\u536b\u6027\u683c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u523b\u3002\u4e0e20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u5173\u4e8e\u540c\u6027\u604b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8bdd\u8bed\u76f8\u547c\u5e94\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u5927\u536b\u4e0e\u7236\u6bcd\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u70e6\u607c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u5730\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u6fc0\u6d3b\u4e86\u4ed6\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u5374\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6:\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u50cf\u7236\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u6709\u65f6\u9a84\u50b2\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u50cf\u670b\u53cb\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u6709\u65f6\u771f\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u60f3\u505a\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u505a\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u7537\u6027\u7684\u5766\u7387\u4f7f\u6211\u7cbe\u75b2\u529b\u7aed\u548c<strong>\u9707\u60ca<\/strong>\u201d(appalled)<sup>[35]<\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u5927\u536b\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u90a3\u91cc\u7f3a\u5c11\u4e00\u79cd\u5145\u6ee1\u7537\u5b50\u6c14\u6982\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u699c\u6837\u3002\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9(\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0)\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u4ee5\u53cb\u8c0a\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u7236\u5b50\u5173\u7cfb\u5982\u4eca\u53d8\u5f97\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4ee4\u4eba\u53cd\u611f\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u8bcd\u6e90\u5c31\u5f88\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e\u95ee\u9898:\u201cappall\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e2d\u53e4\u6cd5\u8bed(Middle French)\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8bed\u201capalir\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u53d8\u5f97\u82cd\u767d\uff0c\u4f7f\u82cd\u767d\u201d(\u5373\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u201cappall\u201d)\u3002<sup>[36]<\/sup>\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5f53\u5927\u536b\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\u7537\u6027\u6c14\u8d28\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u3001\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u53d8\u201c\u767d\u201d(white)\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u6307\u79f0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u79f0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5f71\u5c04\u5927\u536b\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7236\u4eb2\u5173\u7cfb\u7834\u88c2\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u5411\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5c31\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>         \u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7ec6\u8bfb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u201d\u88ab\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u548c\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u6027\u201d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u4ece\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u4f46\u7ec6\u8bfb\u4e5f\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u53d8\u5f02(semantic mutations)\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u201d\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u663e\u73b0\u800c\u53c8\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u5927\u536b\u5bf9\u5176\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u201c\u53ef\u6015\u201d(appalled)\u6050\u60e7\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdc\u8bfb\u548c\u6587\u672c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u539f\u672c\u9690\u5f62\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u6216\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8bfb\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u5b66\u8005\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u201c\u9707\u60ca\u7684\u201d(appalled)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5b83\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u5076\u7136\u7684\u8bcd\u5374\u6700\u7ec8\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u767d\u4eba\u6027\u5177\u6709\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u91cd\u5851\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u4e54\u51e1\u5c3c\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u300b\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u591a\u5143\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u65e8\u5728\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u70b9:\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8303\u7574\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u662f\u663e\u8457\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u90a3\u6761\u7ebf\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5341\u5206\u7262\u56fa(\u51c6\u786e\u7387\u8fbe92%)\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u3001\u6613\u53d8\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9610\u660e\u6b64\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u572857\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u67096\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8bcd\u8bed\u201c\u9707\u60ca\u7684\u201d(appalled)\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u65e2\u662f\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0a\u3001\u53c8\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7bc7\u7ae0\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8303\u7574\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><br><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u7ed3 \u8bba<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u901a\u8fc7\u6587\u672c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53cd\u601d\u8fdc\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u5230\u4e4b\u524d\u62c5\u5fe7\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u8303\u7574\u7c7b\u522b\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u548c\u4ea4\u53c9\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u800c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u98a0\u8986\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u201c\u9ed1\u767d\u201d\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u98a0\u8986\u76f4\u63a5\u6e90\u4e8e\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bf9\u9177\u513f\u6027(queerness)\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6253\u7834\u4e86(queer)\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u201c\u9ed1\u767d\u5206\u754c\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u6311\u6218\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u521d\u5bf9\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u6216\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u8303\u7574\u5206\u7c7b\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u9ed1\u767d\u201d\u8303\u7574\u5206\u7c7b\u539f\u5219\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u906e\u853d\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u3001\u66f4\u4ea4\u53c9\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6570\u636e\u548c\u6a21\u578b\u8fd8\u4e0d\u591f\u9c81\u68d2\u548c\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea4\u53c9\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>        \u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u65e2\u8003\u5bdf\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u53c8\u8003\u5bdf\u6027\u522b\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u6570\u636e\u548c\u6a21\u578b\u6784\u5efa\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7eb3\u5165\u8fdb\u6765\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8ffd\u8e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5bf9\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8303\u7574\u7c7b\u522b\u533a\u5206\u7684\u5076\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8fdb\u884c\u5f02\u6027\u604b\u548c\u540c\u6027\u604b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u8bf4\u662f\u9177\u513f(queer)<sup>[37]<\/sup>\u5f52\u7c7b\u7684\u5076\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5076\u7136\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u65e8\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e00\u5957\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u6587\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u8fdc\u8bfb\u7684\u6279\u5224\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u53cd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u591f\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b0\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5951\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#003abc\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Race and Distant Reading<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Richard Jean So, Edwin Roland<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#003abc\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Abstract:&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong>With the penetration and application of digital technology in the field of humanities research, the \u201cdistant reading\u201d method proposed by Franco Moretti is inspiring for text analysis.This paper uses a combination of distant reading and close reading of the text, and aims to link the two cultural-literary analysis methods that have not yet been fully integrated, and develop a set of critical paradigms suitable for the analysis of race and racial discourse in literature. However, on the one hand, diction and syntax, or style and narrative, with race can easily create stereotypes; on the other hand, there are still many existing digital corpora and tools that cannot record race differences. In order to break through this limitation, this research is mainly divided into the following three parts: First, It focuses on post-war American novels, constructs a corpus of novels by black\/white authors, and builds models (phrases, syntax and narration) to analyze the overall text characteristics of novels in the corpus, and to form a professional vocabulary; the second is from the perspective of analysis and model criticism, mainly to observe how computers \u201cunderstand\u201d the racial differences in the binary (white\/black) frame; the third is to explore the novel Giovanni\u2019s Room through close reading of the text to reveal the original invisible language effect, exposing the variation or substitution of whiteness. Finally, this article conceives a reflexive method that enables the computer to recognize the neglected content, while also providing new perspectives and research opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:#003abc\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>Keywords:<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/span>Race; Distant Reading; Close Reading; Literary Style; Identity; Model Critique<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">\u7f16 \u8f91\u00a0 |\u00a0\u59dc\u6587\u6d9b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[1]See Ted Underwood\u201c, Machine Learning and Human Perspective,\u201d<em>PMLA<\/em>, Vol. 135, No. 1, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[2]Franco Moretti,&nbsp;<em>Distant Reading<\/em>, Verso, 2013, p.48.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[3]Natalie Houston\u201c, Towards a Computational Analysis of Victorian Poetics,\u201d<em>Victorian Studies,&nbsp;<\/em>vol. 56, no. 3, 2014, pp. 498-510.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[4]Tanya E. Clement,\u201c\u2018A Thing Not Beginning and Not Ending\u2019: Using Digital Tools to Distant-Read Gertrude Stein\u2019s&nbsp;<em>The Making of Americans<\/em>,\u201d<em>Literary and Linguistic Computing<\/em>, vol. 23, no. 3, 2008, pp. 361- 381.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[5]Sarah Allisonet et al.\u201c, Style at the Scale of the Sentence,\u201d<em>Stanford Literary Lab<\/em>, pamphlet, June 5, 2013,&nbsp;https:\/\/litlab.stanford.edu\/LiteraryLabPamphlet5.pdf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[6]Andrew Piper, Eva Portelance,\u201cHow Cultural Capital Works: Prizewinning Novels, Bestsellers, and the Time of Reading,\u201d<em>Post,&nbsp;<\/em>vol.45<em>,&nbsp;<\/em>May 10, 2016, http:\/\/post45.research.yale.edu\/2016\/05\/how-cultural- capital-works-prizewinning-novels-bestsellers-and-the-time-of-reading\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[7]Tara McPherson,\u201cWhy Are the Digital Humanities So White? or, Thinking the Histories of Race and Computation,\u201din Matthew K. Gold ed.,&nbsp;<em>Debates in the Digital Humanities<\/em>, University of Minnesota Press, 2012, pp. 139-160.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[8]Kim Gallon,\u201cMaking a Case for the Black Digital Humanities,\u201din Matthew K. Gold and Lauren F. Klein eds.,&nbsp;<em>Debates in the Digital Humanities 2016<\/em>, University of Minnesota Press, 2016, pp. 42-49.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[9]Lauren F. Klein,\u201cDistant Reading after Moretti,\u201d<em>Arcade: Literature, Humanities, and the World<\/em>, https:\/\/ arcade.stanford.edu\/blogs\/distant-reading-after-moretti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[10]Roopika Risam\u201c, Navigating the Global Digital Humanities: Insights from Black Feminism,\u201din Matthew K. Gold and Lauren F. Klein eds.,&nbsp;<em>Debates in Digital Humanities 2016<\/em>, University of Minnesota Press, 2016, pp. 359-367.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[11]\u4e0d\u540c\u4f53\u88c1\u7684220\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7ed3\u679c?\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u671f\u95f4\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u6570\u4e07\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u5bf9\u62bd\u6837\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b66\u4e60\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6280\u672f\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u89c4\u6a21\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4ecd\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1:Andrew Piper, Eva Portelance,\u201cHow Cultural Capital Works: Prizewinning Novels, Bestsellers, and the Time of Reading,\u201d<em>Post,&nbsp;<\/em>vol. 45, May 10, 2016, http:\/\/post45.research.yale.edu\/2016\/05\/how-cultural- capital-works-prizewinning-novels-bestsellers-and-the-time-of-reading\/; Hoyt Long, Richard Jean So, \u201cLiterary Pattern Recognition: Modernism between Close Reading and Machine Learning,\u201d<em>Critical Inquiry<\/em>, vol. 42, no. 2, Winter 2016, pp. 235-267; Ted Underwood, Jordan Sellers,\u201cThe Longue Dur\u00e9e of Literary Prestige,\u201d<em>Modern Language Quarterly<\/em>, vol. 77, no. 3, 2016, pp. 321-344\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5404\u5b9e\u8df5\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7200\u4efd\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6216\u5927\u7ea61,500\u4e07\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u3002\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9608\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[12]See Matthew Frye Jacobson,&nbsp;<em>Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race<\/em>, Harvard University Press, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[13]See Nell Irvin Painter,&nbsp;<em>The History of White People<\/em>, W. W. Norton, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[14]\u201cMulatta\u201d\u662f\u6307\u7236\u6bcd\u4e00\u65b9\u4e3a\u9ed1\u4eba\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u4e3a\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u6cdb\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u5148\u7956\u6709\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u4e0e\u975e\u6d32\u4eba\u6df7\u8840\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u201cmulatta\u201d\u8bcd\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[15]\u6b64\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u91c7\u53d6\u903b\u8f91\u56de\u5f52(logistic regression)\u7b97\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528Python\u4e2d\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b66\u4e60\u5305scikit-learn\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u901a\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86L1\u6b63\u5219\u5316\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5c11\u91cf\u7279\u5f81\u7528\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u5341\u6298\u4ea4\u53c9\u9a8c\u8bc1(tenfold cross validation)\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd1\u4f3c\u6700\u4f18\u7684\u6b63\u5219\u5316\u7cfb\u6570(C=1.0)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[16]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u4e3b\u8981\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u7531\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7\u5df4\u66fc(David Bamman)\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u53d1\u5e03\u7684BookNLP\u7ba1\u7ebf(Pipleline)\u3002\u672f\u8bed\u9891\u7387\u662f\u4ece\u7ba1\u7ebf\u201cOriginalWord\u201d\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5c0f\u5199\u6761\u76ee\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u505c\u6b62\u8bcd(Stopword)\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u5220\u9664\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u5c06\u5176\u7eb3\u5165\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4f53\u88c1\u548c\u4f5c\u8005\u521b\u4f5c\u98ce\u683c\u8fdb\u884c\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u8bcd\u3002\u8bcd\u6027\u6807\u7b7e(Part-of-speech tags)\u662f\u4ece\u7ba1\u7ebf\u7684\u201cPOS\u201d\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u5236\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u8be5\u8f93\u51fa\u6309\u7167\u5bbe\u5dde\u6811\u5e93(Penn Treebank)\u683c\u5f0f\u62a5\u544a\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u5e76\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u65af\u5766\u798fPOS\u6807\u6ce8\u5668(\u8bcd\u6027\u6807\u6ce8\u5668)\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u53e5\u5b50\u8fb9\u754c\u5185\u8fde\u7eed\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u8bed\u6cd5\u6280\u672f(bigrams)\u3002\u53d9\u8ff0\u7279\u5f81\u5305\u62ec\u4ece\u201cner\u201d\u548c\u201csst\u201d\u8f93\u51fa\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u7684\u547d\u540d\u5b9e\u4f53\u8bc6\u522b(Named Entity Recognition, NER)\u548c\u8d85\u611f\u6807\u8bb0\u5668(Super Sense Tagger, SST)\u4e2d\u7684\u5217\u8868\u9891\u7387\u3002\u8be5\u7ba1\u7ebf\u4f7f\u7528\u65af\u5766\u798fNER\u6807\u8bb0\u5668\u548cWordnet\u8d85\u611f\u6807\u8bb0\u5668(SST)\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u7b7e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7269(PERSON)\u6216\u5730\u70b9(LOCATION)\u3001\u7269\u54c1(OBJECT)\u6216\u52a8\u4f5c(ACTION)\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e86\u7531\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u6587\u672c\u7684\u5360\u6bd4(\u6765\u81ea\u201cinQuotation\u201d\u8f93\u51fa)\u3001\u7531\u4eba\u7269\u63d0\u53ca\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u6587\u672c\u7684\u5360\u6bd4(\u5373\u6765\u81ea\u201ccharacterId\u201d\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u603b\u5b57\u7b26\u7a7a\u95f4)\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6309\u6587\u672c\u957f\u5ea6\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u6570\u91cf(\u4e5f\u6765\u81ea\u201ccharacterId\u201d\u8f93\u51fa)\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5728\u6784\u5efa\u4efb\u4f55\u6a21\u578b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6bcf\u79cd\u7279\u5f81\u5747\u7ecf\u8fc7L1\u6807\u51c6\u5316(L1-normalize)\uff0c\u4ee5\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\u6587\u672c\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u8981\u7d20\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u76f8\u4e92\u6bd4\u8f83\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[17]\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u663e\u8457\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u975e\u96f6\u6743\u91cd\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86Z\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5728\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5747\u503c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u91c7\u752895%\u7684\u7f6e\u4fe1\u5ea6\u9608\u503c(confidence threshold)\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u7684\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u591a\u91cd\u6bd4\u8f83\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5bf9\u663e\u8457\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u90a6\u8d39\u7f57\u5c3c\u6821\u6b63(Bonferroni correction)\u8c03\u6574\u4e86\u7f6e\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6c42p=0.05\/[\u89c2\u5bdf\u6b21\u6570]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u88681\u6ce8\u91ca2:\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5927\u578b\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u6309\u7167\u4f53\u88c1(\u7545\u9500\u4e66\u3001\u83b7\u5956\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3001\u79d1\u5e7b\u5c0f\u8bf4\u548c\u4fa6\u63a2\u5c0f\u8bf4)\u8fdb\u884c\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b50\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u5373\u603b\u5171\u5305\u62ec180\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6837\u672c\u4e3a180\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[18]See Gary Okihiro,&nbsp;<em>Margins and Mainstreams: Asians in American History and Culture<\/em>, University of Washington Press, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[19]\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u767d\u4eba\u7279\u5f81\u8bcd\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u9891\u7387\u7ea6\u4e3a-0.32;\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed1\u4eba\u7279\u5f81\u8bcd\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u9891\u7387\u4e3a-0.31\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u7279\u5f81\u9891\u7387\u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u503c\u8868\u660e\u4e24\u7ec4\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u7ec4\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u9891\u7387\u7565\u4f4e\u4e8e\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u9891\u7387\u3002z\u68c0\u9a8c\u65e0\u6cd5\u62d2\u7edd\u96f6\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u767d\u4eba\u7279\u5f81\u8bcd\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u9891\u7387\u4e0e\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed1\u4eba\u7279\u5f81\u8bcd\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u9891\u7387\u4e0d\u540c(p=0.7)\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u68c0\u9a8c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u767d\u4eba\u7279\u5f81\u8bcd\u7684\u65b9\u5dee\u4e0e\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed1\u4eba\u7279\u5f81\u8bcd\u7684\u65b9\u5dee\u65f6\uff0cz\u68c0\u9a8c\u5728\u9ad8\u7f6e\u4fe1\u5ea6\u4e0b\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u96f6\u5047\u8bbe(p\u22640.01)\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u767d\u4eba\u7279\u5f81\u8bcd\u7684\u65b9\u5dee(\u03c32=0.42)\u6bd4\u767d\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed1\u4eba\u7279\u5f81\u8bcd\u7684\u65b9\u5dee(\u03c32=0.3)\u5927\u7ea6\u9ad840%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[20]See Kenneth Warren,&nbsp;<em>What Was African American Literature?&nbsp;<\/em>Harvard University Press, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[21]\u5409\u59c6\u00b7\u514b\u52b3\u6cd5\u6cdb\u63071876\u5e74\u81f31965\u5e74\u95f4\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u5404\u5dde\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fb9\u5883\u5404\u5dde\u5bf9\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd(\u4e3b\u8981\u9488\u5bf9\u975e\u6d32\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4)\u5b9e\u73b0\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[22]See Toni Morrison,&nbsp;<em>Playing in the Dark: Whiteness in the Literary Imagination<\/em>, Harvard University Press, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[23]See Eric Lott,&nbsp;<em>Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class<\/em>, Oxford University Press, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[24]\u6587\u672c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8303\u7574\u7684\u6982\u7387\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u56de\u5f52(logistic regression)\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u6709\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6b64\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7559\u4e00\u4ea4\u53c9\u9a8c\u8bc1(leave-one-out cross validation)\uff0c\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u5206\u914d\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5728\u6d4b\u8bd5\u671f\u95f4\u88ab\u6401\u7f6e\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u63a5\u53d7\u9884\u6d4b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[25]\u91c7\u7528\u903b\u8f91\u56de\u5f52\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u4e00\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u57281975\u5e74\u524d\/\u540e\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u865a\u62df\u53d8\u91cf(binary dummy variable)\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u968f\u7740\u4f5c\u8005\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u56de\u5f52\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u865a\u62df\u53d8\u91cf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0e\u5c0f\u8bf4\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u6309\u7167\u6a21\u578b\u6b63\u786e\u5206\u7c7b(\u5373:\u65e5\u671f+\u79cd\u65cf~\u6b63\u786e)\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002\u53d1\u73b0\u53ea\u6709\u4f5c\u8005\u79cd\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u663e\u8457(p\u22640.01)\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f3c\u7136\u6bd4(likelihood ratio)\uff0c\u5219\u9ed1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8005\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5206\u7c7b\u9519\u8bef\u7387\u589e\u52a0\u4e864.58\u500d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[26]See James Baldwin,&nbsp;<em>Giovanni\u2019s Room<\/em>, Random House, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[27]Mae Henderson\u201c, James Baldwin: Expatriation, Homosexual Panic, and Man\u2019s Estate,\u201d<em>Calalloo<\/em>, vol. 21, no. 1, 2000, p. 313.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[28]Aliyyah I, Abur-Rahman,\u201c\u2018Simply a Menaced Boy\u2019: Analogizing Color, Undoing Dominance in James Baldwin\u2019s Giovanni\u2019s Room,\u201d<em>African American Review<\/em>, vol. 41, no. 3, 2007, p. 477.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[29]Aliyyah I. Abur-Rahman,\u201c\u2018Simply a Menaced Boy\u2019:Analogizing Color, Undoing Dominance in James Baldwin\u2019s Giovanni\u2019s Room,\u201dp. 480.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[30]James Baldwin,&nbsp;<em>Giovanni\u2019s Room<\/em>, p.50. \u91cd\u70b9\u7531\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u52a0\u7c97\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[31]James Baldwin,&nbsp;<em>Giovanni\u2019s Room<\/em>, p.53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[32]James Baldwin,&nbsp;<em>Giovanni\u2019s Room<\/em>, p.53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[33]James Baldwin,&nbsp;<em>Giovanni\u2019s Room<\/em>, p. 47. \u91cd\u70b9\u7531\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u52a0\u7c97\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[34]James Baldwin,&nbsp;<em>Giovanni\u2019s Room<\/em>, p.19. \u91cd\u70b9\u7531\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u52a0\u7c97\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[35]James Baldwin,&nbsp;<em>Giovanni\u2019s Room<\/em>, p.17. \u91cd \u70b9 \u7531 \u672c \u6587 \u4f5c \u8005 \u52a0 \u7c97\u3002\u539f \u6587 \u5982 \u4e0b:\u201cWe were not like father and son, my father sometimes proudly said, we were like buddies. I think my father sometimes actually believed this. I never did. I did not want to be his buddy; I wanted to be his son. What passed between us as masculine candor exhausted and appalled me\u201d\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[36]\u201cAppall, Verb,\u201d<em>Merriam-Webster Unabridged<\/em>, Merriam Webster, 2019, http:\/\/unabridged.merriam- webster.com\/unabridged\/appall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[37]\u201c\u9177\u513f\u201d(Queer)\u7531\u82f1\u6587\u97f3\u8bd1\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u539f\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u4e3b\u6d41\u6587\u5316\u5bf9\u540c\u6027\u604b\u7684\u8d2c\u79f0\uff0c\u6709\u201c\u602a\u5f02\u201d\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u6027\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6d3e\u501f\u7528\u6765\u6982\u62ec\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u542b\u53cd\u8bbd\u4e4b\u610f\u30021990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u662f\u9177\u513f\u7406\u8bba(black queer theory\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u602a\u5f02\u7406\u8bba\u201d)\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u520a\u300a\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u300b2020\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\uff0c\u8f6c\u8f7d\u8bf7\u8054\u7cfb\u6388\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:#b7b7b7\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u672c\u6587\u8bd1\u81eaRichard Jean so, Edwin Roland,\u201cRace and Distance Reading,\u201d<em>PMLA<\/em>, vol. 135, nol. 1, 2020, Published by the Modern Language Association of America. Translated and published in Chinese with author\u2019s permission.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u57c3\u5fb7\u6e29\u00b7\u7f57\u5170(Edwin Roland)\uff0c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u6587\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\uff0c\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u5723\u5df4\u5df4\u62c9\u5206\u6821\u82f1\u8bed\u4e13\u4e1a\u535a\u58eb\u751f\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u5021\u8bae(Digital Humanities at Berkeley Initiative)\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6570\u5b57\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u534f\u8c03\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u968f\u7740\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u5728\u4eba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6e17\u900f\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u7531\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u00b7\u83ab\u96f7\u8482\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u8fdc\u8bfb\u201d\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\u2026\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1707,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[454],"tags":[347,608],"class_list":["post-1653","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-454","tag-347","tag-608"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1653","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1653"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1653\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2694,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1653\/revisions\/2694"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1707"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1653"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1653"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}