{"id":24450,"date":"2023-12-10T19:22:53","date_gmt":"2023-12-10T11:22:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/?p=24450"},"modified":"2024-04-04T01:20:10","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T17:20:10","slug":"%e7%bb%86%e8%af%bb%e4%b9%8b%e5%88%9d%e7%9a%84%e7%bb%9f%e8%ae%a1%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/site\/works\/dhjournal\/202203\/24450.html","title":{"rendered":"\u7ec6\u8bfb\u4e4b\u521d\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e94\u5341\u5c9a\u6d0b\u5e73 \/ \u7f8e\u56fd\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u5927\u5b66\u82f1\u8bed\u7cfb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6c6a\u3000\u8605\uff08\u8bd1\uff09\/ \u81ea\u7531\u8bd1\u8005<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"836\" height=\"308\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/2022-03.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24451\" style=\"aspect-ratio:2.7142857142857144;width:483px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/2022-03.jpg 836w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/2022-03-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/2022-03-768x283.jpg 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/2022-03-18x7.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 836px) 100vw, 836px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color\" style=\"color:#5b0707\"><strong>\u4e94\u5341\u5c9a\u6d0b\u5e73 \/ \u7f8e\u56fd\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u5927\u5b66\u82f1\u8bed\u7cfb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color\" style=\"color:#5b0707\"><strong>\u6c6a\u3000\u8605\uff08\u8bd1\uff09\/ \u81ea\u7531\u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background\" style=\"background-color:#6a1616;color:#6a1616\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#4f0808\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u6458\u3000\u8981<\/strong><\/mark>\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u672c\u9610\u91ca\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u4e0e\u8fdc\u8bfb\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6210\u4e3a\u6709\u5173\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u80fd\u5426\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5145\u6ee1\u4e2a\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u504f\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fdc\u8bfb\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ece\u6587\u5b66\u6279\u8bc4\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u5728\u7ec6\u8bfb\u8bde\u751f\u4e4b\u521d\u5373\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u65b0\u6279\u8bc4\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2\u4eba\u7269I.A.\u745e\u6070\u6148\u4e4b\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u68b3\u7406\uff0c\u6316\u6398\u7ec6\u8bfb\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u300120\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u521d\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u6027\u4ea4\u6c47\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u548c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u66f4\u5145\u5206\u5730\u6062\u590d\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u9605\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u540c\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5173\u4e8e\u9610\u91ca\u53ca\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\u90fd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5e94\u7528\u63d0\u4f9b\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#460d0d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u5173\u952e\u8bcd<\/mark><\/strong>\uff1a \u7ec6\u8bfb\u3000\u8fdc\u8bfb\u3000\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u3000\u65b0\u6279\u8bc4\u3000\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u3000\u745e\u6070\u6148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background\" style=\"background-color:#6a1616;color:#6a1616\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>\u6548\u679c\u5982\u540c\u6458\u4e0b\u673a\u5668\u7684\u76d6\u5b50\u3002<br><br>\u2014\u2014\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u71d5\u535c\u836a\u300a\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e0e\u534e\u5179\u534e\u65af\u300b<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f53\u4e0b\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u6f29\u6da1\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ec6\u8bfb\uff08close reading\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u9650\u5b9a\u6027\u9610\u91ca\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u975e\u7ec6\u8bfb\uff08non-close\uff09\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4ee4\u4eba\u70e6\u607c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7ec6\u8bfb\u548c\u975e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdc\u975e\u8fd1\u6765\u624d\u521d\u6b21\u76f8\u9047\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7528\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u201c\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u201d\uff08word lists\uff09\u9886\u57df\u5185\u4fbf\u5df2\u9082\u9005\uff0c\u8bb0\u4f4f\u8fd9\u70b9\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u76ca\u3002\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f53\u88c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u5217\u5355\u8bcd\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u8bcd\u9891\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u7ec6\u8bfb\u5efa\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\u4fbf\u5f62\u5851\u4e86\u540e\u8005\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4ebaI.A.\u745e\u6070\u6148\uff08I.A.Richards\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\uff08Basic English\uff09\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u662f\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u751f\u66f4\u64c5\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u8be5\u7248\u672c\u5c06\u82f1\u8bed\u538b\u7f29\u5230\u4ec5\u5269850\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u2014\u2014\u60ad\u541d\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u7528\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u8bcd\u9891\u8ba1\u6570\u5bf9\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0d\u8d1f\u5168\u8d23\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u5728\u7ec6\u8bfb\u8bde\u751f\u4e4b\u521d\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0e\u5f53\u4e0b\u5c24\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u4e14\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u7ec6\u8bfb\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6\u9047\u5230\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u548c\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u5218\uff08Alan Liu\uff09\u5728\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u6838\u5fc3\u5904\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u76f8\u540c\uff1a\u201c\u5b9a\u91cf\u9610\u91ca\u548c\u4eba\u6027\u89d2\u5ea6\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff08humanly meaningful\uff09\u7684\u5b9a\u6027\u9610\u91ca\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e3a\u4f55\uff1f[1]\u672c\u6587\u5904\u7406\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u5218\u7684\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4f46\u8def\u5f84\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5ba1\u89c6\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u201c\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u201d\uff08distant\uff09\u6216\u201c\u5b9a\u91cf\u201d\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5bf9\u201c\u6240\u6709\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u6700\u521d\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u5373\u7406\u89e3\u610f\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5b9a\u91cf\u201d\u5206\u6790\u5982\u4f55\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002[2]\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u6027\u9610\u91ca\uff08human interpretation\uff09\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u5173\u5207\u91cd\u65b0\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u7ec6\u8bfb\u65e9\u671f\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u4f34\u968f\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5173\u5207\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5bf9\u7ec6\u8bfb\u6216\u975e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u65e2\u975e\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u4e5f\u975e\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\u63d2\u66f2\u52a0\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u4e30\u5bcc\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u672c\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u5206\u6790\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1b\u7ed3\u8bba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9605\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u5c06\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5bf9\u7ec6\u8bfb\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u53ca\u5176\u5173\u7cfb\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u672a\u6765\u6216\u5c06\u8d70\u5411\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u719f\u6089\u65b0\u6279\u8bc4\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u7ec6\u8bfb\u6982\u8c8c\u3001C.K.\u5965\u683c\u767b\uff08C.K.Ogden\uff09\u548c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u660e\u5e76\u63a8\u5e7f\u7684\u53e4\u602a\u7684\uff08\u5e76\u53e4\u602a\u7684\u8ff7\u4eba\uff09\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u201d\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u719f\u6089\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5bf9\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4ea4\u6c47\u4e0d\u7b97\u65b0\u9c9c\u3002[3]\u7136\u800c\u5728\u4e0e\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u5230\u6765\u4e0e\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fc4\u4eca\u4f9d\u7136\u5728\u777d\u777d\u4f17\u76ee\u4e2d\u9690\u8eab\u3002\u6211\u63a8\u6d4b\u6709\u51e0\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5ba3\u5e03\u6570\u5b57\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u5230\u6765\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9610\u8ff0\u5c06\u7ec6\u8bfb\u53bb\u8bed\u5883\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5f17\u6717\u79d1\u00b7\u83ab\u96f7\u8482\uff08Franco Moretti\uff09\u5bf9\u201c\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\uff08distant reading\uff0c\u5373\u8fdc\u8bfb\uff09\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u662f\u201c\u6781\u4e3a\u90d1\u91cd\u5730\u5904\u7406\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u6781\u53d7\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u6587\u672c\u201d\uff1b\u5728N.\u51ef\u745f\u7433\u00b7\u6d77\u52d2\uff08N.Katherine Hayles\uff09\u5bf9\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\u91cc\uff0c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u610f\u5473\u7740\u201c\u5b66\u4e60\u9605\u8bfb\u590d\u6742\u6587\u672c\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u4eba\u6587\u201d\uff08Traditional Humanities\uff09\u3002[4]\u7ec6\u8bfb\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u786e\u5305\u542b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8981\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u4ece\u672a\u58f0\u79f0\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u8be6\u53f2\u3002\u4f46\u4ee4\u4eba\u9057\u61be\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e4b\u7b3c\u7edf\u53ca\u5176\u8fdb\u6b65\u4fee\u8f9e\uff08rhetoric of progress\uff09\u59a8\u788d\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u745e\u6070\u61481920\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u8bf8\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\uff0c\u90fd\u6d78\u6deb\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e2a\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u975e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u9605\u8bfb\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u91cc\u3002[5]\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ec6\u8bfb\u548c\u8bcd\u9891\u8868\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e92\u8865\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e8c\u8005\u90fd\u53ef\u5bfc\u5411\u63d0\u9ad8\u666e\u904d\u8bfb\u5199\u80fd\u529b\uff08widespread literacy\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8ba8\u8bba\u9996\u5148\u5bf9\u7ec6\u8bfb\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u79cd\u754c\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u5386\u53f2\u5f53\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6770\u6d1b\u745e\uff08John Guillory\uff09\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u201c\u8d77\u59cb\u65f6\u523b\u201d\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u548c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u8bdd\u8bed\u5f80\u5f80\u5173\u6ce8\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u53d9\u8ff0\u53cd\u590d\u8bb2\u52301940\u5e74\u4ee3\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u968f\u7740\u7f57\u4f2f\u6258\u00b7\u5e03\u8428\uff08Robert Busa\uff09\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u7535\u8111\u751f\u6210\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3\uff08Thomas Aquinas\uff09\u8457\u4f5c\u8bcd\u6c47\u7d22\u5f15\u800c\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002[7]\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u4ece\u6570\u5b57\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u540e\u9000\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u4fbf\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300119\u4e16\u7eaa\u5bf9\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u5b66\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u52a0\u5de5\u54c1\uff08linguistic artifacts\uff09\u7684\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u8fdc\u8fdc\u65e9\u4e8e\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u6216\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u3002[8]\u6211\u8d5e\u540c\u4e3d\u8428\u00b7\u5409\u7279\u66fc\uff08Lisa Gitelman\uff09\u786e\u4fe1\u7684\u201c\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u2026\u2026\u5404\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u7684\u524d\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u201d\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u3002[9]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8ba8\u8bba\u503e\u5411\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5176\u4ed6\u76ee\u524d\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u5b9a\u91cf\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6d41\u4f20\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u4eca\u6570\u5b57\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u5176\u8fd0\u7528\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u201d\uff08statistical\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6211\u7565\u504f\u7231\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u201d\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u201c\u5b9a\u91cf\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u548c\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u201d\uff08number\uff09\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5df2\u6307\u5411\u5168\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u5386\u53f2\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e14\u6d89\u53ca\u97f5\u5f8b\u5b66\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u5b9a\u91cf\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u59cb\u4e8e\u542b\u7cca\u4e0d\u660e\uff0c\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u4ee4\u4eba\u5fe7\u8651\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u7528\u6765\u8d5e\u9882\u5f53\u4e0b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u636e\u79f0\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u6027\u8d28\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u65e0\u610f\u4e4b\u4e2d\u8986\u76d6\uff08overwrite\uff09\u60f3\u8c61\u6027\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e0e\u5b9a\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u5386\u53f2\u3002[10]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u201d\u4e5f\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u83ab\u96f7\u8482\u7684\u201c\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u548c\u9a6c\u4fee\u00b7\u7ea6\u514b\u65af\uff08Matthew Jockers\uff09\u7684\u201c\u5b8f\u89c2\u5206\u6790\u201d\uff08macroanalysis\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u90fd\u5bfb\u6c42\u901a\u8fc7\u4e13\u5fc3\u6316\u6398\u5927\u91cf\u6587\u672c\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u540c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u5206\u5f00\uff1a\u201c\u53ef\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6570\u91cf\u5c31\u8ba9\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7ec6\u8bfb\u5b9e\u8df5\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a77\u5c3d\u6216\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u96be\u4ee5\u7ef4\u7cfb\u3002\u201d[11]\u83ab\u96f7\u8482\u548c\u7ea6\u514b\u65af\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\u7ec6\u8bfb\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u5bf9\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u201d\u5374\u80fd\u5bb9\u7eb3\u53f2\u4e0a\u6536\u96c6\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\u7684\u5168\u8303\u56f4\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u97f3\u7d20\u3001\u5b57\u6bcd\u548c\u5355\u8bcd\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u4e2a\u504f\u597d\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u201d\u80fd\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5bf9\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u7684\u524d\u6570\u5b57\uff08predigital\uff09\u7edf\u8ba1\u89e3\u8bfb\u548c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5982\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u71d5\u535c\u836a\u57fa\u4e8e\u9891\u7387\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u300a\u3008\u5965\u8d5b\u7f57\u3009\u91cc\u7684\u8bda\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5982\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u62c9\u59c6\u585e\uff08Stephen Ramsay\uff09\u5bf9\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u00b7\u4f0d\u5c14\u592b\u300a\u6d77\u6d6a\u300b\uff08The Waves\uff09\u5bcc\u4e8e\u542f\u53d1\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002[12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u201d\u4e0d\u50cf\u201c\u673a\u5668\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u6216\u201c\u7b97\u6cd5\u6279\u8bc4\uff08algorithmic criticism\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u6570\u5b57\u6216\u7535\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u6280\u672f\u3002\u540e\u8005\u662f\u62c9\u59c6\u585e\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u62c9\u59c6\u585e\u4e5f\u5c06\u5176\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u4e00\u6837\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5e03\u8428\u3002[13]\u4f46\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u662f\u624b\u5de5\u5236\u8868\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u8bcd\u6c47\u7d22\u5f15\u3001\u610f\u8c61\u7fa4\uff08image clusters\uff09\u5230\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u4f53\u88c1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u6211\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9610\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5c06\u8d77\u5230\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002[14]\u5c06\u6570\u5b57\u6027\uff08digitality\uff09\u7406\u89e3\u6216\u79f0\u9882\u4e3a\u975e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u501f\u6b64\u5bf9\u524d\u6570\u5b57\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u5c51\u4e00\u987e\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8d5e\u6210\u5f53\u4e0b\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08presentism\uff09\u6700\u4e25\u82db\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u5a92\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u6b64\u7c7b\u7ed3\u8bba\u6700\u4e3a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u544a\u8beb\u3002[15]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u524d\u8fdb\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u66f4\u5145\u5206\u5730\u6062\u590d\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u9605\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u540c\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5173\u4e8e\u9610\u91ca\u53ca\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\u90fd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u9762\u5411\u521d\u7b49\u548c\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5de5\u5177\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e76\u6301\u7eed\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u5b66\u79d1\u53d1\u6325\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u674e\u00b7\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\uff08Edward Lee Thorndike\uff09\u7684\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\uff08The<em> Teacher\u2019s Word Book<\/em>,1921\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u827a\u672f\u4e2d\u5730\u6807\u6027\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u745e\u6070\u6148\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u6295\u4e0b\u9634\u5f71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\u662f\u5f53\u4e0b\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\u7684\u7956\u5148\u3002\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\uff08William James\uff09\u548c\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9ea6\u80af\u00b7\u5361\u7279\u5c14\uff08James McKeen Cattell\uff09\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8fd9\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u73b0\u4ee3\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u52aa\u529b\u5c06\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u5e76\u5f15\u5165\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3002\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u53e3\u5934\u7985\u6982\u62ec\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u9700\u8981\u5168\u9762\u91c7\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u53e3\u5934\u7985\u5728\u4ed6\u5168\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u53d8\u4f53\u4e0d\u65ad\u91cd\u590d\uff0c\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u300a\u7cbe\u795e\u793e\u4f1a\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff08An Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements, 1904\uff09\u4e2d\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u5e84\u4e25\u5730\u8f7d\u5165\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u60bc\u8bcd\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4e07\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6570\u91cf\uff08quantity\uff09\u4e2d\u201d\u3002[16]\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\u7a0d\u4e3a\u504f\u5411\u5176\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u4e60\u53ef\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u9605\u8bfb\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff1a\u201c\u516b\u5e74\u7ea7\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u513f\u7ae5\u5e94\u8be5\u4e86\u89e3\u591a\u5c11\u4e2a\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1f\u54ea\u4e9b\u8bcd\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u6240\u6709\u6216\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\uff1f\u5b83\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u5e74\u7ea7\u3001\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u5b66\u4e60\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u786e\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u5c06\u8981\u6216\u5e94\u8be5\u542c\u5230\u7684\u8c08\u8bdd\u4e2d\u3001\u5c06\u8981\u6216\u5e94\u8be5\u8bfb\u5230\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef6\u7b49\u7b49\u5f53\u4e2d\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u9891\u7387\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u201d[17]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\u5236\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u4e07\u5b57\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u662f\u603b\u8ba1\u7ea6\u56db\u767e\u4e07\u73b0\u884c\u5355\u8bcd\uff08running words\uff09\u91cc\u6700\u9891\u7e41\u4e14\u5e7f\u6cdb\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u3002\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u56db\u5341\u4e00\u79cd\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u4e94\u4e2a\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u201c\u513f\u7ae5\u8bfb\u7269\u201d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u300a\u9ed1\u7f8e\u4eba\u300b[Black Beauty]\u548c\u300a\u5c0f\u5987\u4eba\u300b[Little<em> Women<\/em>]\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5165\u95e8\u4e66\u3001\u8bfb\u672c\u548c\u51e0\u79cd\u79d1\u76ee\u7684\u8bfe\u672c\uff09\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u201c\u6807\u51c6\u6587\u5b66\u201d\uff08\u6458\u81ea\u300a\u5df4\u7279\u83b1\u7279\u5e38\u7528\u8bed\u5f55\u300b[Bartlett\u2019s Quotations]\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u8bcd\u6c47\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u8282\u9009\uff09\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u201c\u5e38\u89c1\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u884c\u4e1a\u201d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u70f9\u996a\u4e66\uff0c\u5e74\u9274\uff09\uff1b\uff084\uff09\u201c\u62a5\u7eb8\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\uff08\u4ece\u62a5\u7eb8\u8ba1\u6570\uff09\uff1b\uff085\uff09\u201c\u901a\u4fe1\u201d\uff08\u4ece\u4fe1\u4ef6\u8ba1\u6570\uff09\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u8ba1\u6570\u6536\u7f16\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5df2\u90e8\u5206\u5904\u7406\u8fc7\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u3001\u5f25\u5c14\u987f\u3001\u534e\u5179\u534e\u65af\u548c\u4e01\u5c3c\u751f\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u7d22\u5f15\uff09\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u6709\u7684\u9891\u7387\u5217\u8868\uff08\u4f8b\u5982W.A.\u5e93\u514b[W.A.Cook]\u548cM.V.\u5965\u8c22[M.V.O&#8217;Shea]\u5bf9\u5341\u4e09\u4f4d\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fe1\u672d\u4f5c\u8005\u79c1\u4eba\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u8ba1\u6570\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e\u300a\u513f\u7ae5\u548c\u62fc\u5199\u300b[The Child and HisSpelling, 1914]\uff09\u91cc\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u4efb\u52a1\u8fd8\u662f\u82b1\u8d39\u4e86\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u53ca\u52a9\u624b\u4eec\u5341\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u8ba1\u6570\u3001\u5236\u8868\u3002[18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u6709\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u3002\u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u901f\u8bb0\u4f53\u7cfb\u53ca\u5176\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u7684\u6df1\u539a\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u53e4\u4ee3\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u63d0\u6469\u592a\u00b7\u5e03\u83b1\u7279\uff08Timothy Bright\uff09\u7684\u300a\u7b26\u53f7\uff1a\u7b80\u7565\u3001\u5feb\u901f\u3001\u79d8\u5bc6\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u4e66\u5199\u827a\u672f\u300b\uff08Characterie: An Art of<em> Short, Swift, and Secret Writing by Character<\/em>, 1588\uff09\u3002[19]\u901f\u5199\u4f53\u7cfb\u8981\u4e48\u51ed\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6570\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u3001\u5b57\u6bcd\u6216\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ad8\u9891\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u53d1\u97f3\u6216\u8bcd\u6c47\u5e94\u914d\u6709\u6700\u6613\u5199\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u3002\u975e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u6216\u201c\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6d89\u53ca\u901f\u8bb0\uff08stenography\uff09\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u540c\u6837\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u624b\u5199\uff08handwriting\uff09\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u9605\u8bfb\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002[20]\u53d71898\u5e74F.W.\u51ef\u4e01\uff08F.W.Kaeding\uff09\u5f00\u521b\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u5fb7\u8bed\u8bcd\u9891\u8ba1\u6570\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u51fa\u4e8e\u901f\u8bb0\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u975e\u901f\u8bb0\u7528\u9014\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4f26\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7P.\u827e\u5c14\u65af\uff08Leonard P. Ayres\uff09\u5f88\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u300a\u62fc\u5199\u80fd\u529b\u91cf\u8868\u300b\uff08A Measuring Scale for Ability in Spelling, 1915\uff09\u548c\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u8fc7\u7684\u5e93\u514b-\u5965\u8c22\u901a\u4fe1\u8ba1\u6570\uff0c\u90fd\u5bfb\u6c42\u786e\u5b9a\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u5b66\u751f\u6700\u9700\u8981\u5b66\u4f1a\u62fc\u5199\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u3002[21]\u4f46\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\u662f\u9996\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u8bcd\u9891\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\uff0c\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u8bcd\u9891\u7387\u65f6\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u5b83\u5728\u201c\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u6216\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u5c06\u8981\u6216\u5e94\u8be5\u4f1a\u542c\u5230\u7684\u8c08\u8bdd\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c06\u8981\u6216\u5e94\u8be5\u4f1a\u8bfb\u5230\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef6\u201d\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u3002[22]\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u201c\u79ef\u5206\u201d\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u67d0\u4e00\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\u6839\u636e\u9891\u7387\u8d4b\u5206\uff1a\u4f8b\u59821\u20144\u6b21\u662f1\u5206\uff1b5\u20149\u6b21\u662f2\u5206\uff1b\u201c\u513f\u7ae5\u8bfb\u7269\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6570\u8d44\u6599\u4ee5\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002\u4f46\u6574\u4e2a\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e2d\u79ef\u5206\u503c\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u201c\u901a\u4fe1\u201d\u8d44\u6599\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u591a\u8fbe19\u6b21\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u4e5f\u53ea\u5f97\u52302\u5206\uff0c\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7ed9\u5b83\u7684\u6743\u91cd\u4f4e\u4e8e\u201c\u513f\u7ae5\u8bfb\u7269\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u662f\u5c0f\u8bfb\u8005\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u9047\u5230\u7684\u3002[23]\u628a\u6765\u81ea41\u79cd\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u79ef\u5206\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\u2014\u2014\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u5927\u7ea620,000\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e8610,000\u4e2a\u6700\u201c\u91cd\u8981\u201d\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u8ba9\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u201cin\u201d\u662f\u6e05\u5355\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u603b\u5206211\u3002\u201cmean\u201d\u201cnot hing\u201d\u201corder\u201d\u201csea\u201d\u201cseem\u201d\u90fd\u5728100\u5206\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u524d500\u540d\u5355\u8bcd\u4e4b\u5217\u3002\u201cgurgle\u201d\u548c\u201czest\u201d\u9760\u8fd1\u6e05\u5355\u672b\u5c3e\uff0c\u5404\u81ea\u4ec5\u67093\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u673a\u6765\u81ea\u4e0b\u8ff0\u6559\u5b66\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5c0f\u5b66\u9047\u5230\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u5e94\u66f4\u52a0\u7cbe\u5fc3\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u5907\u9002\u5408\u5404\u81ea\u5e74\u7ea7\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\u4f1a\u8ba9\u8001\u5e08\u4eec\u5728\u666e\u901a\u513f\u7ae5\u8bfb\u7269\u4e2d\u67e5\u9605\u7279\u5b9a\u8bcd\u6c47\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e0a\u6709\u591a\u7a81\u51fa\u6216\u7f55\u89c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u96ea\u83b1\u7684\u300a\u81f4\u4e91\u96c0\u300b\uff08Ode to a<em> Skylark<\/em>\uff09\uff08\u56fe1\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u51b3\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u6559\u6388\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u2014\u2014\u201c\u6709\u4e9b\uff08\u8bcd\uff09\u5f53\u65f6\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u6545\u4e8b\u6216\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u7531\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u4e86\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u8bcd\u5c31\u5e94\u5f7b\u5e95\u6559\u6388\u5e76\u590d\u4e60\u201d\u3002[24]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"888\" height=\"489\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Tu_1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24452\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Tu_1.png 888w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Tu_1-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Tu_1-768x423.png 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Tu_1-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 888px) 100vw, 888px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u56fe1 \u6458\u81ea\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u300a\u5c0f\u5b66\u8bcd\u6c47\u77e5\u8bc6\u300b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u6839\u636e\u672c\u8868\u5bf9\u300a\u81f4\u4e91\u96c0\u300b\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u5206\u7ea7\u3002\u6570\u5b57\u6307\u4ee3\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5343\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002\u201cNOT\u201d\u8868\u660e\u8be5\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5728\u8fd910,000\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5f53\u4e2d\u3002forth\u548cspirit\u662f\u9ad8\u9891\u8bcd\uff0c\u5728\u5217\u8868\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ec4\u5343\u5b57\u8bcd\u91cc\uff0cdivine\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ec4\u5343\u5b57\u8bcd\u91cc\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd9\u4efd\u6e05\u5355\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u57fa\u7840\u8bfb\u672c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u521d\u7b49\u8bfe\u672c\u636e\u6b64\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u5e76\u5206\u7ea7\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u91cc\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u6700\u663e\u773c\u7684\u662f\u884d\u751f\u8bcd\u3002\u4e0e\u4ed6\u6240\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u5148\u524d\u7684\u8ba1\u6570\u5bf9\u884d\u751f\u8bcd\u7684\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u5217\u8868\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u8bcd\u76ee\u5316\uff08lemmatized\uff09\uff1b\u8fd9\u5c31\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u96ea\u83b1\u8bd7\u4e2d\u7684\u201csunken\u201d\u548c\u201cbright&#8217;ning\u201d\u7684\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u201csink\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u5728\u524d3,000\u8bcd\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u201csunk\u201d\u5728\u524d5,000\u8bcd\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u201cbright\u201d\u5728\u524d2,000\u8bcd\u4e2d\uff0c\u201cbrighten\u201d\u5219\u5728\u524d5,000\u4e2d\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u68d8\u624b\u7684\u591a\u4e49\u8bcd\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6b63\u5982\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u96ea\u83b1\u8bd7\u4e2d\u7684\u201cstrain\u201d\u548c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u542b\u4e49\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\u5373\u65e0\u6cd5\u5206\u8fa8\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u5356\u51fa\u4e862\u4e07\u591a\u672c\u3002[25]1931\u5e74\u63a5\u7740\u51fa\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u67092\u4e07\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf91\u5343\u4e07\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u8ba1\u6570\uff1b\u7ee7\u800c\u53c8\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7248\u67093\u4e07\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u6269\u5927\u7248\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u5173\u4e8e\u542b\u4e49\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u6b27\u6587\u00b7\u6d1b\u5947\uff08Irving Lorge\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u8bed\u4e49\u5b66\u8ba1\u6570\u300b\uff081938\uff09\uff0c\u7cbe\u9009570\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u300a\u725b\u6d25\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u5212\u5206\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u6307\u79f0\uff08denotations\uff09\u5206\u89e3\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u9891\u7387\u3002[26]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u5728\u4ece\u4e8b\u8ba1\u6570\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5965\u683c\u767b\u548c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u840c\u53d1\u4e86\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u30021918\u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u683c\u767b\u548c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba8\u8bba\u5e76\u8d77\u8349\u300a\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u300b\uff08The Meaning of<em> Meaning<\/em>, 1923\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u505a\u201c\u5b9a\u4e49\u201d\u4e00\u7ae0\u65f6\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u591a\u6570\u7269\u4f53\uff08\u8bed\u8bcd\u7684\u201c\u6307\u79f0\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d\uff09\u90fd\u80fd\u6839\u636e\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6307\u79f0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u9700\u51e0\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5173\u7cfb\u79cd\u7c7b\u5c31\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u5927\u591a\u6570\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff08\u201c\u68a8\u201d\u50cf\u82f9\u679c\uff09\uff1b\u65f6\u7a7a\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u201c\u6628\u5929\u201d\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u4e4b\u524d\uff09\uff1b\u56e0\u679c\uff08\u201c\u84b8\u6c7d\u201d\u662f\u70e7\u6c34\u6240\u81f4\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u8003\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5947\u602a\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u9650\u4e8e\u8bcd\u5178\u7f16\u7e82\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u745e\u6070\u6148\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u5728\u5199\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u5965\u683c\u767b\u201c\u7a81\u7136\u76ef\u7740\u5bf9\u65b9\uff0c\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a\u2018\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7528\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u5343\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4f60\u5c31\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u80fd\u8bf4\u3002\u2019\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u80fd\u7528\u4e0d\u5230\u5341\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u77ed\u8bed\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u80fd\u7528\u8fd9\u5341\u4e2a\u63cf\u8ff0\u8bcd\u4ee3\u66ff\u90a3\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53bb\u6389\u5b83\u201d\u3002[27]\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u8bcd\u8bed\u66ff\u4ee3\u201d\u7b97\u6cd5\u5c06\u79fb\u9664\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u4ec5\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ec4\u529f\u80fd\u8bcd\uff09\u53ef\u63cf\u8ff0\u300a\u610f\u4e49\u4e4b\u610f\u4e49\u300b\u4e2d\u8003\u8651\u7684\u6307\u79f0\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5173\u7cfb\u79cd\u7c7b\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6570\u767e\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8bcd\u6c47\uff08working vocabulary\uff09\u3002\u201c\u8bcd\u8bed\u66ff\u4ee3\u201d\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u840c\u82bd\u2014\u2014\u6700\u521d\u4e0d\u5e78\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u4e00\u76ee\u4e86\u7136\u82f1\u8bed\u201d\uff08Panoptic English\uff09\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u683c\u767b\u7528\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6770\u91cc\u7c73\u00b7\u8fb9\u6c81\uff08Jeremy Bentham\uff09\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u65e9\u671f\u73b0\u4ee3\u901a\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ee7\u7eed\u5f00\u53d1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u3002[28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1929\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u7684\u521d\u4ee3\u7248\u672c\u3002\u5965\u683c\u767b\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u535a\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8ba1\u5212\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u5957\u989d\u5916\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u88c5\u7f6e\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u6587\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u8f6e\u5ed3\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u4f1a\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"766\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Tu_2-766x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Tu_2-766x1024.png 766w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Tu_2-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Tu_2-768x1026.png 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Tu_2-9x12.png 9w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Tu_2.png 797w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 766px) 100vw, 766px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u56fe2 \u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u6216\u201c\u4eba\u9020\u7684\u201d\u901a\u7528\u8bed\uff08\u5982\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u8a00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u8bcd\u8bed\u66ff\u6362\u201d\u5f97\u5230850\u5b57\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002\u8be5\u8868\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u77ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u53f7\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4ee5\u524d\u6240\u6709\u901f\u8bb0\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ca\u901a\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5176\u4f53\u7cfb\u80fd\u5feb\u901f\u8f7b\u6613\u5730\u638c\u63e1\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u5927\u7ea6\u4e09\u5341\u5c0f\u65f6\u5c31\u80fd\u4e60\u5f97\uff1b[29]\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u8db3\u591f\u77ed\uff0c\u5728\u5355\u9762\u7eb8\u4e0a\u5206\u680f\u5370\u5237\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u6e05\u6670\u53ef\u89c1\uff08\u56fe2\uff09\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528100\u4e2a\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u8bcd\u201d\uff08operator\uff09\u5927\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u8bcd\u53ea\u5305\u62ec\u5341\u516d\u4e2a\u52a8\u8bcd\u3001\u4e24\u4e2a\u52a9\u52a8\u8bcd\u548c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e2a\u4ecb\u8bcd\uff08\u53e6\u6709\u57fa\u7840\u8bcd\u6c47\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee34,000\u591a\u4e2a\u52a8\u8bcd\u3002[30]\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8ba1\u5212\u4ece\u5176\u7248\u672c\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u4e86enter\u548cascend\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u8005\u5c31\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ee5\u201cgo in\u201d\u548c\u201cgo up\u201d\u3002\u5269\u4e0b\u7684750\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u5305\u62ec600\u4e2a\u7cbe\u5fc3\u9009\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u4e8b\u7269\u201d\uff08Things\uff09\uff08\u5982\u201c\u8d26\u6237\u201d[account]\u3001\u201c\u5e74\u5ea6\u201d[year]\uff09\u548c150\u79cd\u201c\u6027\u8d28\u201d\uff08Qualities\uff09\uff08\u5982\u201c\u4f3c\u6709\u7684\u201d[private]\u3001\u201c\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u201d[sharp]\uff09\u3002\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u8bb2\u6f14\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8282\u9009\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u592a\u597d\u4e86\u201d\uff08It has been wonderful for me to catch the note of confidence from all over the country\uff09\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u540e\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u5197\u957f\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u2014\u2014\u201c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u6211\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u5f88\u68d2\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u6709\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\u201d\uff08It has been a great experience to me to be made conscious of the signs of an increasing belief in the future all over the country\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u5199\u5199sole\u2014\u2014\u5176\u610f\u6307\u201c\u9cce\u9c7c\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u201c\u811a\u5e95\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u2014\u2014\u5965\u683c\u767b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5373\u201c\u53e3\u611f\u7ec6\u817b\u7684\u5c0f\u5e73\u9c7c\u201d\uff08Small flat-fish with delicate taste\uff09\u3002[31]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u201c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u8f85\u52a9\u8bed\u8a00\u2026\u2026\u5168\u7403\u901a\u7528\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u201c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bf9\u666e\u901a\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5408\u7406\u5165\u95e8\uff1b\u65e2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u975e\u82f1\u8bed\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bed\u6cd5\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u4efb\u4f55\u82f1\u8bed\u8fd0\u7528\u8fbe\u5230\u719f\u7ec3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u6e05\u6670\u903b\u8f91\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\u201d\u3002[32]\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5c31\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e92\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u4e14\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u96c4\u5fc3\u3002[33]\u4ece\u7f29\u7565\u8bedBasic\u4e00\u8bcd\u4e2d\u80fd\u770b\u5230\uff08British American Scientific International Commercial\uff0c\u5373\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u8bed\u8a00\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u591a\u79cd\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6c9f\u901a\u2014\u2014\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u9762\u5411\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e0e\u517617\u300118\u4e16\u7eaa\u5148\u9a71\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e5f\u5728\u66b4\u529b\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u4e3a\u68a6\u60f3\u9a71\u4f7f\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u5bfc\u5411\u666e\u4e16\u4e4b\u7231\u3002[34]\u201c\u57fa\u7840\u201d\uff08basic\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5373\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6784\u6210\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\uff0c\u8f85\u52a9\u6bcd\u8bed\u548c\u975e\u6bcd\u8bed\u4eba\u7fa4\u5b66\u4e60\u82f1\u8bed\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u65e2\u6e34\u671b\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u5b64\u5c9b\u8bcd\u6c47\u201d\uff08island vocabulary\uff09\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u5fae\u578b\u4f46\u5168\u9762\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u4ee5\u6559\u80b2\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\u4e00\u6837\u90fd\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u9a71\u52a8\u3002\u5965\u683c\u767b\u786e\u5b9e\u8511\u89c6\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\uff1a\u4ed6\u575a\u6301\u8bf4\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u201c\u8bcd\u6c47\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u8bcd\u8bed\u8ba1\u6570\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\u6fc0\u53d1\u7684\u201c\u8bcd\u8bed\u8ba1\u6570\u5927\u519b\u201d\u55e4\u4e4b\u4ee5\u9f3b\u3002[35]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5965\u683c\u767b\u5728\u4e86\u89e3\u300a\u6309\u8bed\u4e0e\u63a2\u8be2\u300b\uff08Notes and Queries\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u8bcd\u8bed\u8ba1\u6570\u201d\u65f6\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u6240\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u548c\u53d1\u73b0\uff1b[36]\u4ed6\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u672c\u4f53\u7cfb\u65f6\u5199\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u6709\u5173\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u610f\u5728\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4ed6\u7684\u5217\u8868\u540c\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eba\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[37]\u6bd5\u7adf\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u770b\u6cd5\u5f88\u7c7b\u4f3c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u4ed6\u8ba1\u6570\u7684\u524d500\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u7a0d\u4f5c\u6539\u52a8\u4fbf\u53ef\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u6781\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6559\u6388\u5916\u56fd\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u9605\u8bfb\u82f1\u6587\u201d\u3002[38]\u800c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u2014\u2014\u201c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bf9\u666e\u901a\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5408\u7406\u5165\u95e8\u201d\u2014\u2014\u663e\u793a\u5965\u683c\u767b\u6b63\u5728\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e3d\u5854\u00b7\u96f7\u5229\uff08Rita Raley\uff09\u548c\u5218\u79be\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u662f\uff08\u7528\u540e\u8005\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff09\u201c\u5bf9\u82f1\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7edf\u8ba1\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6784\u60f3\u201d\u3002[39]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5218\u79be\u8bba\u8bc1\u8bf4\uff0c\u5965\u683c\u767b\u5c06\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u53cd\u590d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684850\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u770b\u4f5c\u4e54\u4f0a\u65af\u300a\u82ac\u7075\u6839\u5b88\u7075\u591c\u300b\u5e9e\u5927\u8bcd\u6c47\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u91cd\u73b0\u8f83\u4e0d\u9891\u7e41\uff08\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u90a3\u4e48\u5197\u957f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c0f\u8bf4\u77ed\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u5c31\u4f1a\u662f\u8bcd\u6c47\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4f4e\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\uff09\u3002\u5965\u683c\u767b\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u9884\u89c1\u4e86\u514b\u52b3\u5fb7\u00b7\u9999\u519c\uff08Claude Shannon\uff09\u548c\u6c83\u4f26\u00b7\u97e6\u5f17\uff08Warren Weaver\uff09\u5728\u300a\u901a\u8baf\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff08The Mathematical Theory of Communication, 1948\uff09\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5370\u5237\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4e2d\u82f1\u8bed\uff08printed English\uff09\u7684\u968f\u673a\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u63f4\u5f15\u7684\u6070\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u4e54\u4f0a\u65af\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u5197\u4f59\u4e0e\u71b5\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u53cd\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002[40]\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5218\u79be\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u548c\u6211\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6309\u672c\u610f\u89e3\u8bfb\u5965\u683c\u767b\uff0c\u4ed6\u516c\u5f00\u62d2\u7edd\u7edf\u8ba1\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u975e\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u3001\u201c\u4ee5\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\u9009\u53d6\u7684850\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4f18\u4e8e\u4ee5\u9891\u6b21\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u8868\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9488\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u6027\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u7edf\u8ba1\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u4e14\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5c45\u4e8e\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5965\u683c\u767b\u575a\u6301\u201c\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u88ab\u5177\u4f53\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u4eba\u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u6570\u91cf\u2026\u2026\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6700\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u8986\u76d6\u7279\u5b9a\u8bed\u4e49\u573a\uff08field of reference\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u745e\u6070\u6148\u66f4\u4e3a\u5ba2\u89c2\uff0c\u770b\u51fa\u4e86\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u8868\u300b\u4e0e\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[41]\u745e\u6070\u6148\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u521b\u65b0\u5728\u4e8e\u90a3100\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5197\u4f59\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u201d\u8bcd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u53e5\u6cd5\u201c\u8001\u9ec4\u725b\u201d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u653e\u7f6e\u201d[put]\u3001\u201c\u7ed9\u4e88\u201d[give]\uff09\u88ab\u53cd\u590d\u7528\u6765\u66ff\u4ee3\u79cd\u7c7b\u7e41\u591a\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6c47\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u8bed\u5728\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u8ba1\u6570\u4e2d\u9891\u7387\u4e5f\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u5343\u540d\u5185\u3002\u745e\u6070\u6148\u8bc4\u8bba\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u65e0\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\u8ba1\u6570\u2026\u2026\u8981\u786e\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u8bcd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u6700\u9891\u7e41\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5217\u8868\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9891\u6b21\u4e0e\u8303\u56f4\uff08\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff09\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u5965\u683c\u767b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u8fc7\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u767e\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u8bcd\u6216\u7ed3\u6784\u8bcd\uff0c\u5bf9\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u5927\u533a\u522b\u201d\u3002[42]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u6c89\u6d78\u4e8e\u5e76\u719f\u6089\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u53ca\u5176\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c1928\u5e74\u5965\u683c\u767b\u6b63\u5728\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u51e0\u4e2a\u6700\u521d\u7248\u672c\u6536\u5c3e\uff0c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u4e5f\u63a5\u8fd1\u5b8c\u6210\u300a\u5b9e\u7528\u6279\u8bc4\u300b\uff08Practical Criticism, 1929\uff09\uff0c\u4e24\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u89c1\u4e86\u9762\u3002\u4f1a\u9762\u540e\uff0c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u786e\u4fe1\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u5965\u683c\u767b\u534f\u52a9\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6b63\u5728\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u6027\u8bba\u8ff0\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u201c\u4ed6\u7684\u7b80\u5316\u82f1\u8bed\uff08Simplified English\uff09\u548c\u6211\u7684\u300a\u5b9e\u7528\u6279\u8bc4\u300b\u4ea4\u754c\u5904\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5173\u8054\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u2018\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u6700\u5c11\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u8bf4\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5bb9\uff1f\u2019\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u2018get in\u2019\u4ee3\u66ff\u2018embark\u2019\uff0c\u4ee5\u2018get off\u2019\u4ee3\u66ff\u2018disembark\u2019\u3002\u201d[43]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u745e\u6070\u6148\u6b63\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u6070\u4f3c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4ed6\u8c0b\u6c42\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u91ca\u4e49\uff08paraphrase\uff09\u6765\u6559\u6388\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u4e3a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u6279\u8bc4\u201d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u751f\uff08\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u81ea\u613f\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8bd7\u4ebaT.S.\u827e\u7565\u7279\uff09\u5bf9\u4ed6\u53d1\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u8bd7\u6b4c\u505a\u51fa\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6027\u201c\u89e3\u8bfb\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4e8b\u5148\u5df2\u79fb\u9664\u4f5c\u8005\u540d\u3001\u8bd7\u6b4c\u6807\u9898\u548c\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7279\u5f81\u3002[44]\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u4e00\u81f4\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6293\u4f4f\u4e00\u9996\u8bd7\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff08sense\uff09\u6216\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u672c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6700\u4e3a\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u3001\u7ed9\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5f88\u5927\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u4e0a\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\uff08\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u82e5\u5e72\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u70ed\u5fc3\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\uff09\u6ca1\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u7ecf\u5e38\u5730\u3001\u53cd\u590d\u5730\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u80fd\u770b\u51fa\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u666e\u901a\u3001\u6613\u61c2\u3001\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u66f4\u4e3a\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u8bd7\u610f\u76f8\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u90a3\u79cd\u6563\u6587\u7684\u610f\u5473\uff0c\u6ca1\u80fd\u770b\u51fa\u5176\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u660e\u663e\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u5728\u590d\u8ff0\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6b6a\u66f2\u5b83\u3002\u6b63\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u7ae5\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e00\u7bc7\u51ef\u6492\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6ca1\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u5b83\u201d\u3002[45]\u636e\u745e\u6070\u6148\u8bf4\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u201c\u8bd7\u6b4c\u8bed\u8a00\u7b80\u7ec3\u201d\uff1a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7d27\u51d1\u8ba9\u8bd7\u6b4c\u5feb\u901f\u6709\u6548\u4f20\u8fbe\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u201c\u5f80\u5f80\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u6563\u6f2b\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5176\u673a\u5236\u662f\u5c06\u89c2\u70b9\u6563\u64ad\u5f00\u3001\u5206\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u201d\u3002[46]\u745e\u6070\u6148\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u505a\u51fa\u8bc4\u8bba\u4e0e\u5224\u65ad\u4e3b\u8981\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8bd7\u6b4c\u6216\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u6fc0\u53d1\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8bd7\u6b4c\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u7cdf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5168\u7136\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u9886\u4f1a\u8bd7\u6b4c\u610f\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u503e\u5411\u6b63\u662f\u300a\u5b9e\u7528\u6279\u8bc4\u300b\u5c06\u51e0\u79cd\u8bef\u8bfb\u7c7b\u578b\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5728\u300a\u5b9e\u7528\u6279\u8bc4\u300b\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u6982\u8ff0\u5b8c\u6574\u3001\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u7ec6\u8bfb\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u4e2d\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u987a\u5e8f\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7684\u3002\u745e\u6070\u6148\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8bfb\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u9886\u4f1a\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3001\u963b\u788d\u6574\u4e2a\u9610\u91ca\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u201c\u5c06\u89c2\u70b9\u6563\u64ad\u5f00\u3001\u5206\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u201d\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u611f\u60c5\u2014\u2014\u66f4\u522b\u8bf4\u60ef\u6027\u53cd\u5e94\u548c\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u2014\u2014\u5df2\u7136\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u8bfb\u8005\u53cd\u5e94\u4e4b\u540e\u9996\u8981\u7279\u610f\u7684\u3001\u89c4\u8bad\u6027\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u201c\u6240\u6709\u4ee4\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u8bd7\u6b4c\u90fd\u8981\u6c42\u7ec6\u8bfb\uff0c\u201d\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u603b\u662f\u9996\u5148\u8981\u6c42\u201c\u5173\u6ce8\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u4e49\u201d\u3002[47]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\uff0c\u91ca\u4e49\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u8bfb\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u6563\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8bd7\u6b4c\u65f6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u3001\u660e\u663e\u7684\u610f\u601d\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u63ed\u9732\u6240\u6709\u542b\u7cca\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u9632\u6b62\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u9610\u91ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u60c5\u5883\u201d\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u626d\u66f2\u3002[48]\u4f46\u91ca\u4e49\u5c31\u50cf\u6559\u5e08\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u9002\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\u3002\u745e\u6070\u6148\u8bc4\u8bba\u9053\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u8981\u4e48\u76f2\u76ee\u6c42\u52a9\u4e8e\u201c\u632a\u52a8\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\u201d\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b58\u7591\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u672a\u80fd\u9610\u660e\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4f1a\u201c\u7528\u6563\u6587\u4f53\u5199\u4e00\u9996\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0a\u90e8\u5206\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8bd7\u201d\u3002[49]\u7531\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u6216\u6cd5\u8bed\u7684\u719f\u7ec3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u65e5\u76ca\u6349\u895f\u89c1\u8098\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5e94\u7528\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u5c06\u82f1\u6587\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u91ca\u4e49\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5185\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u8bb2\uff0c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u786e\u4fe1\u91ca\u4e49\u662f\u7ec6\u8bfb\u6280\u5de7\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u6700\u521d\u3001\u6700\u5177\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7ec3\u4e60\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u5404\u5904\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u52a0\u201c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7406\u89e3\u9610\u91ca\u6280\u5de7\u201d\u3002[50]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u51fa\u573a\u4e4b\u65f6\u673a\u3002\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5199\u5b8c\u300a\u5b9e\u7528\u6279\u8bc4\u300b\u540e\u53c8\u5199\u4e86\u51e0\u672c\u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u8bfb\u7684\u300a\u5b9e\u7528\u6279\u8bc4\u300b\u7eed\u96c6\u2014\u2014\u300a\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\uff1a\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u300b\uff08Basic in Teaching: East and West, 1935\uff09\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u5251\u6865\u3001\u54c8\u4f5b\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5e03\u6797\u83ab\u5c14\u5b66\u9662\uff08Bryn Mawr\uff09\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u65b0\u7af9\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e2d\u9010\u6e10\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u901a\u5f80\u300a\u5b9e\u7528\u6279\u8bc4\u300b\u201c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u201d\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u6559\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u3002[51]\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u5b66\u751f\u9760\u201c\u632a\u52a8\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\u201d\u89e3\u51b3\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u201c\u5176\u8bcd\u6c47\u6781\u4e3a\u6709\u9650\u201d\uff0c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u5f3a\u8feb\u4f60\u6301\u7eed\u63a2\u7d22\u539f\u6587\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u4f60\u4e0d\u7ec6\u81f4\u8ffd\u7a76\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u5b83\u7f6e\u6362\u6210\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u201d\u3002[52]\u5b66\u751f\u7528\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9010\u5b57\u4ea4\u6362\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u96be\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e00\u9996\u8bd7\u7684\u63aa\u8f9e\u548c\u6a21\u68f1\u4e24\u53ef\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7528\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u5355\u8c03\u5570\u55e6\u7684\u8bd7\u6b4c\u57fa\u672c\u7248\u4e5f\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u66f4\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5728\u522b\u5904\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u201c\u7a0d\u5fae\u7ec3\u4e60\u540e\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u5199\u51fa\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7248\u672c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u63aa\u8f9e\uff0c\u800c\u53d8\u6210\u96be\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u539f\u6587\u7a76\u7adf\u5728\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u6216\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5728\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u2026\u2026\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u9879\u7ec3\u4e60\u5c31\u51e0\u4e4e\u6210\u4e86\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u7ec3\u4e60\u201d\u3002[53]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u9996\u8981\u4e4b\u4e8b\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u98d8\u5ffd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u4e3b\u89c2\u548c\u6709\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u2014\u2014\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u503e\u5411\u4f1a\u74e6\u89e3\u5bf9\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u53d6\u6765\u4e00\u79cd\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u57fa\u7840\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u201c\u6709\u9650\u5a92\u4ecb\u201d\uff1a\u6709\u9650\u5728\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u662f\u6709\u9650\u8bcd\u6c47\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u6709\u9650\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5a92\u4ecb\u4f1a\u6291\u5236\uff08\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5982\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\uff09\u201c\u53cd\u590d\u65e0\u5e38\u7684\u8054\u60f3\uff0c\u60c5\u611f\u56de\u5e94\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u201d\u5f15\u8bf1\u8bfb\u8005\u79bb\u5f00\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4efb\u52a1\u6b63\u662f\u6240\u6709\u826f\u597d\u9610\u91ca\u548c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\u3002[54]\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u7aed\u529b\u8981\u627e\u5230\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u4f1a\u7cbe\u51c6\u5b8c\u6210\u76ee\u524d\u4ee5\u6570\u5b57\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u4e5f\u5728\u8c0b\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u201c\u9a71\u9010\uff0c\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u5173\u952e\u8981\u5ef6\u8fdf\u9610\u91ca\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u5218\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fc7\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u7684\u201c\u767d\u677f\u9610\u91ca\u201d\uff08tabula rasa interpretation\uff09\u4e4b\u68a6\u3002[55]\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u6765\u4e0e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u534f\u4f5c\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e0a\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u8eab\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6216\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u6709\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u9879\u76ee\u4ee5\u4fe1\u4ef6\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u4e3a\u8f85\u52a9\uff0c\u505a\u8fc7\u827e\u7c73\u8389\u00b7\u72c4\u91d1\u68ee\uff08Emily Dickinson\uff09\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u7ec6\u8bfb\u3002[56]\u8fd9\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u745e\u6070\u6148\u6216\u5176\u5b66\u751f\u71d5\u535c\u836a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fe9\u90fd\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\u5e94\u8be5\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u786e\u4fdd\u8bfb\u8005\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u611f\u60c5\u548c\u8054\u60f3\u9762\u524d\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e0d\u504f\u4e0d\u501a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6765\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u9886\u4f1a\u9610\u91ca\u8bd7\u6b4c\u3002[57]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5373\u4f7f\u7ec6\u8bfb\u8bfb\u8005\u4e0d\u53bb\u53c2\u8003\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5355\u9875\u8bcd\u6c47\u2014\u2014\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u7ec6\u8bfb\u8bfb\u8005\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u8fc7\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u5f62\u6210\u8bcd\u6c47\u53d7\u63a7\u7684\u91ca\u4e49\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8fd8\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u7ec6\u8bfb\u4e0e\u975e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7406\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e0d\u5728\u5fc3\u91cc\u8fd0\u884c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u9ad8\u9891\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec6\u8bfb\uff0c\u6216\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ea4\u6d41\u7ec6\u8bfb\uff1f\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e0d\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u4e0e\u975e\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u751f\u6210\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1f\u5176\u4e2d\u975e\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u8bcd\u8bed\u66ff\u6362\u201d\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u3002\u745e\u6070\u6148\u548c\u71d5\u535c\u836a\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u5f85\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u3002\u8d77\u7801\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u8054\u624b\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec4\u4ef6\uff08component\uff09\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ec6\u8bfb\uff0c\u6216\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u201c\u63d2\u4ef6\u201d\uff08plug-in\uff09\uff1b\u7ec6\u8bfb\u6280\u672f\u521d\u59cb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u88ab\u90a3\u4e2a\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u5f62\u5851\u3002[58]\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53cd\u5bf9\u201c\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u660e\u663e\u5bf9\u7ec6\u8bfb\u6709\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u9610\u91ca\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u521d\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e92\u8865\uff0c\u201c\u5f7c\u6b64\u6709\u8bf8\u591a\u5173\u8054\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6216\u66f4\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u518d\u6b21\u6574\u5408\u4e24\u8005\uff0c\u6216\u5c06\u6709\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u4e00\u5ea6\u5982\u6b64\u4eb2\u5bc6\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u73b0\u5728\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b83\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u9010\u6e10\u5206\u53c9\uff0c\u4e00\u5934\u8fdb\u5165\u9605\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5934\u5219\u662f\u514b\u6797\u65af\u00b7\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\uff08Cleanth Brooks\uff09\u5bf9\u745e\u6070\u6148\u7ec6\u8bfb\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5148\u8bf4\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u300b\u548c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u59cb\u4e8e1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u201d\uff08readability\uff09\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u662f\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u201c\u5199\u4f5c\u98ce\u683c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u96be\u6613\u5ea6\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u3002[59]\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u300b\u51fa\u7248\u540e\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u6570\u5b66\u516c\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u4ece1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u76f4\u52301960\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7535\u8111\u5355\u8bcd\u8ba1\u6570\u3002[60]\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7R.\u514b\u83b1\u5c14\uff08George R. Klare\uff09\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u516c\u5f0f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u505a\u8fc7\u8ff0\u8bc4\uff0c\u9887\u4e3a\u6709\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u9c81\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\uff08Rudolf Flesch\uff091948\u5e74\u7684\u201c\u6613\u8bfb\u6027\uff08reading ease\uff09\u516c\u5f0f\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u8ba4\u4e3a\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u300b\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u8bcd\u9891\u4e0e\u6613\u8bfb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u8fd9\u6b64\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0a\u540c\u610f\u5965\u683c\u767b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5355\u8bcd\u9891\u7387\u4e0d\u50cf\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u548c\u505a\u8bfe\u672c\u8bcd\u6c47\u5206\u7ea7\u7684\u4eba\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u66f4\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6613\u8bfb\u6027\u7684\u51c6\u7ef3\u3002[61]\u6b63\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u7a0b\u5ea6\u2026\u2026\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u4e4e\u53e5\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6027\u201d\u3002[62]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u540e\u6765\u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u516c\u5f0f\u7684\u77a9\u76ee\u6f6e\u6d41\uff0c\u5c06\uff08\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u6216\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\uff09\u8bcd\u9891\u8ba1\u6570\u4ece\u7b49\u5f0f\u4e2d\u5168\u90e8\u62ff\u8d70\uff1a\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u516c\u5f0f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7248\u672c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u6027\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u7840\u4ec5\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a\u5355\u8bcd\u77ed\uff0c\u53e5\u5b50\u77ed\u3002RE=206.835-.846wl-1.015sl\uff0cRE=Reading Ease\uff08\u9605\u8bfb\u6613\u8bfb\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u4e3a1\u81f3100\uff0c100\u4ee3\u8868\u975e\u5e38\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c0\u5219\u4ee3\u8868\u975e\u5e38\u96be\u3002wl\u4e3a\u6bcf100\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u97f3\u8282\u6570\u91cf\u3002sl\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5355\u8bcd\u6570\u91cf\u3002[63]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e00\u6bb5\uff08\u201c\u5f53\u4e0b\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u6f29\u6da1\u4e2d\u2026\u2026\u201d\uff09\u7684\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u6613\u8bfb\u6027\u201d\u7ea6\u4e3a206.835-(.846\u00d7154)-(1.015\u00d729.167)=46.946\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u5b66\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u201c\u6613\u8bfb\u6027\u201d\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5355\u8bcd\u548c\u53e5\u5b50\u77ed\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u6279\u8bc4\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5c31\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u53e5\u5b50\u5197\u957f\uff0c\u66f2\u6298\u522b\u626d\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8bd7\u6b4c\u4f8b\u8bc1\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u97f3\u8282\u5c11\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u4e32\u6210\u77ed\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u300b\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u8bcd\u9891\u4e0e\u6613\u8bfb\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u7684\u201c\u5e73\u5e38\u7528\u8bed\u201d\uff08plain talk\uff09\u7406\u5ff5\u5047\u8bbe\u7b80\u77ed\u5373\u53ef\u8bfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002[64]\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u516c\u5f0f\u4ecd\u662f\u9605\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5916\u5e94\u7528\u6700\u5e7f\u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u4e0d\u540c\u7248\u672c\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u7ee7\u7eed\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u5fae\u8f6f\u6587\u6863\u201c\u62fc\u5199\u4e0e\u8bed\u6cd5\u201d\u529f\u80fd\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u7edf\u8ba1\u201d\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u5bf9\u745e\u6070\u6148\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u6709\u5145\u5206\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e86\u89e3\u745e\u6070\u6148\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5173\u4e8e\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u3002[65]\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u81ea\u5df1\u4e86\u89e3\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u4f53\u88c1\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u9996\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8bed\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u2014\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u65b9\u8a00\u4e0e\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u5404\u5730\u65b9\u8a00\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u300b\uff08The Relation of the Alabama-Georgia Dialect to<em> the Provincial Dialects of Great Britain<\/em>, 1935\uff09\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd1909\u5e74\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u4e1c\u90e8\u65b9\u8a00\u4fd7\u8bed\u8868\u8fbe\u6cd5\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u3002[66]\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u53ca\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u6f58\u00b7\u6c83\u4f26\uff08Robert Penn Warren\uff09\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u4fee\u8f9e\u300b\uff08Modern Rhetoric, 1949\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u4e86\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u624b\u518c\u300a\u5e73\u5e38\u7528\u8bed\u7684\u827a\u672f\u300b\uff08The Art of Plain Talk, 1946\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u7684\u91ca\u4e49\u7ec3\u4e60\u2014\u2014\u5373\uff0c\u5c06\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\u91cd\u5199\u4e3a\u201c\u5e73\u5e38\u201d\u98ce\u683c\u2014\u2014\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u4f5c\u6587\u6559\u6750\uff08composition textbook\uff09\u3002[67]\u4e00\u65e6\u5982\u6b64\u56de\u987e\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u4e0d\u7531\u4ee4\u4eba\u6349\u6478\uff1a\u5728\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u5173\u4e8e\u9610\u91ca\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8457\u4f5c\u53ca\u66f4\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u65b0\u6279\u8bc4\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u548c\u201c\u5bf9\u8bed\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u6784\u60f3\u201d\u53bb\u54ea\u513f\u4e86\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u7f3a\u5931\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u65e0\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u7cbe\u81f4\u7684\u74ee\u300b\uff08The Well Wrought Urn\uff09\u8c08\u53ca\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4ee4\u8bd7\u6b4c\u201c\u8270\u6da9\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u63d0\u5230\u8bcd\u6c47\u2014\u2014\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8303\u7574\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u4e4b\u540e\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u662f\u745e\u6070\u6148\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u91ca\u4e49\u7ec3\u4e60\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u548c\u5373\u65f6\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\u3002[68]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u745e\u6070\u6148\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\/\u7ec6\u8bfb\u8054\u5408\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u4f55\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u7b80\u5355\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u300a\u7cbe\u81f4\u7684\u74ee\u300b\u91cc\u5bf9\u201c\u91ca\u4e49\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef\u201d\uff08heresy of paraphrase\uff09\u7684\u8457\u540d\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u9610\u660e\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u201c\u91ca\u4e49\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef\u201d\u6210\u4e86\u65b0\u6279\u8bc4\u9610\u91ca\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u4fe1\u6761\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u8bd7\u6b4c\u6784\u6210\u67d0\u79cd\u2018\u9648\u8ff0\u2019\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u9996\u8bd7\u80fd\u7f29\u51cf\u4e3a\u4e00\u6bb5\u6563\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002[69]\u4f46\u4e0a\u8ff0\u53d9\u8ff0\u63ed\u793a\uff0c\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u5bf9\u91ca\u4e49\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u5730\u4e3e\u68cb\u4e0d\u5b9a\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u201c\u91ca\u4e49\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef\u201d\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7126\u8651\u8feb\u4f7f\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u575a\u6301\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u547d\u9898\u65b9\u5f0f\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\u201c\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\u2014\u2014\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u8bd7\u6b4c\u540a\u8be1\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u770b\u6cd5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8bd7\u6b4c\u6bd4\u79d1\u5b66\u5177\u5907\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u201c\u771f\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u5176\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u53ef\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7ec6\u8bfb\u6765\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002[70]\u5728\u8fd9\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u7684\u201c\u91ca\u4e49\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef\u201d\u539f\u5219\u4e25\u91cd\u635f\u574f\u4e86\u745e\u6070\u6148\u6700\u521d\u5bf9\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u8bd7\u4e2d\u5f20\u529b\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e86\u91ca\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u4e5f\u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f\u7406\u89e3\u91ca\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u6559\u5b66\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u53cd\u611f\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u91ca\u4e49\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u4fee\u8f9e\u300b\u4e2d\u4f9d\u8d56\u91ca\u4e49\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u8bd7\u6b4c\u65f6\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\uff1a\u4ed6\u627f\u8ba4\u91ca\u4e49\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u8bd7\u6b4c\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u9884\u5907\u6b65\u9aa4\u201d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u7cbe\u81f4\u7684\u74ee\u300b\u5404\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6563\u6587\u4f53\u7684\u52fe\u753b\uff0c\u751a\u6216\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5f0f\u6837\u7684\u3002[71]\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u91ca\u4e49\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u662f\u5f02\u7aef\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u91cd\u590d\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u89c1\u7684\u745e\u6070\u6148\u544a\u8beb\u8fc7\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5373\u5b66\u751f\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u91ca\u4e49\u4e00\u9996\u8bd7\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u201c\u7528\u6563\u6587\u4f53\u5199\u4e00\u9996\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0a\u90e8\u5206\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8bd7\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5ffd\u89c6\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u97f3\u8c03\uff09\uff1b\u56de\u60f3\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u745e\u6070\u6148\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u7528\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u91ca\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u5fd8\u7684\u540d\u8a00\u201c\u91ca\u4e49\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u91ca\u4e49\u9887\u4e3a\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u91ca\u4e49\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u88ab\u6452\u5f03\u3002\u8fd9\u53c8\u5e26\u6765\u4e25\u91cd\u540e\u679c\uff1a\u521d\u7b49\u548c\u4e2d\u7b49\u6c34\u5e73\u8005\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u8bcd\u6c47\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u53ca\u5176\u4f20\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u91ca\u4e49\u7684\u8054\u7ed3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5168\u90fd\u4ece\u65b0\u6279\u8bc4\u9610\u91ca\u4e2d\u88ab\u5207\u9664\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u548c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u76f8\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff1b\u4ed6\u575a\u4fe1\u201c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u5fc5\u987b\u8d2f\u5f7b\u81f3\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u8f83\u4f4e\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002\u201c\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\u653e\u5f03\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u201d\uff0c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5199\u9053\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u5c06\u4f1a\u5173\u6ce8\u8bfb\u5199\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e3a\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u513f\u7ae5\u8bfe\u672c\u3002[72]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65b0\u6279\u8bc4\u548c\u9605\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u53e0\u65f6\uff0c\u5374\u672a\u80fd\u56ca\u62ec\u9605\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u91cd\u8e48\u8986\u8f99\uff1f\u6570\u5b57\u529f\u80fd\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\uff08digital affordances\uff09\u5bb9\u8bb8\u5bf9\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u53f2\u6709\u542f\u53d1\u3001\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u9610\u8ff0\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u8ba9\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u518d\u6b21\u4ece\u9605\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u5e76\u4e3a\u5176\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\u90fd\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u9610\u91ca\u5e76\u5e94\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u559c\u6b22\u62b1\u6028\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u5b66\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u8bfb\u5199\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u7f3a\u4e4f\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\u5e76\u975e\u59cb\u4e8e\u5927\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6295\u5165\u66f4\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u7814\u7a76\u521d\u7b49\u3001\u4e2d\u7b49\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u8bfb\u5199\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u5199\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u7167\u6700\u540e\u90a3\u4e00\u7ea7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u6240\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u9488\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u521d\u76ee\u6807\u2014\u2014\u201c\u9f13\u52b1\u6e05\u6670\u903b\u8f91\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dots\" style=\"background-color:#6a1616;color:#6a1616\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#541212\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Statistical Analysis at the Birth of Close Reading<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yohei Igarashi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#690d0d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Abstract: <\/mark><\/strong>The balance between close reading and distant reading, as two interpretive methods, has been a determinant factor when it comes to be about whether digital humanities methods work in studies of literary works. Generally speaking, close reading is taken as individually subjective and therefore potentially with emotional prejudices, while distant reading is performed with objective data analysis and thus probably without humanly meaningful perspectives. What runs counter-intuitively for many people, statistical analysis played a very meaningful role in the beginning of the establishment of close reading as an analytical method. This essay reveals a mutually complementary relationship between close reading and statistical analysis, as it existed in the beginning of the twentieth century, through a historical description of I. A.Richards and his Basic English plan. It proposes that we should restore the statistical analysis as once implemented in cross-disciplinary reading research, which relates significantly to literary studies and the continuing discussion regarding interpretation and statistics. A kind of theoretical and historical legitimacy is therefore provided for applying digital humanities into studies of literature for the present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#620f0f\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Keywords:<\/mark><\/strong> Close Reading; Distant Reading; Basic English; New Criticism; Statistical Analysis; I. A. Richards<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dots\" style=\"background-color:#6a1616;color:#6a1616\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">\uff08\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u59dc\u6587\u6d9b\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a*\u539f\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a Yohei Igarashi,\u201cStatistical Analysis at the Birth of Close Reading,\u201d New Literary History, vol.46, no. 3, Summer 2015, pp. 485-504, DOI: 10.1353\/nih.2015.0023\u3002 Translated and published in Chinese with the author&#8217;s permission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#5f0d0d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1]Alan Liu,\u201cThe Meaning of the Digital Humanities,\u201d PMLA, vol. 128, no. 2, 2013, p. 415.Liu\u8be6\u5c3d\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4f5c\u54c1\uff1aRyan Heuser and Long Le-Khac,\u201cA Quantitative Literary History of 2,958 Nineteenth-Century British Novels: The Semantic Cohort Method,\u201d Stanford literary Lab Pamphlet, vol.4,2012\u3002\u8fd9\u662fHeuser\u548cLe-Khac\u5bf9\u5176\u201c\u9610\u91ca\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u68c0\u9a8c\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u6240\u505a\u7684\u53ef\u8d35\u53cd\u601d\uff08p.49\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2]I.A. Richards, Practical Criticism: a Study of Literary Judgment, New York: Harcourt, Brace &amp; Co.,1929,p.174.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[3]Rita Raley\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u5730\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u6765\u4e34\u76f4\u5230\u5f53\u4e0b\uff0c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u91c7\u7528\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u3001\u8868\u6f14\u6027\u548c\u666e\u9002\u6027\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u3002\u89c1Raley,\u201cMachine Translation and Global English,\u201d The Yale Journal of Criticism,vol. 16,no.2,2003,pp.294-295\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u4f1a\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e5f\u548c\u4e0b\u6587\u4e00\u81f4\uff1aDavid Simpson,\u201cProspects of Global English: Back to BASIC?\u201d The Yale Journal of Criticism, vol. 11,no.1,1998,pp.301-307\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u5f3a\u70c8\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u4eba\u5458\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u8c22Christine Mitchell\u8b66\u9192\u6211\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e0e\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u611f\u8c22\u5979\u5728\u5bf9\u672c\u6587\u8f83\u65e9\u7248\u672c\u7684\u56de\u590d\u4e2d\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[4]Franco Moretti,\u201cConjectures on World Literature,\u201d New Left Review, 2000, p.57; N. Katherine Hayles,How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,2012, p.11,p.29.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[5]\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cC.K.\u5965\u683c\u767b\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u745e\u6070\u6148\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u4eba\u3001\u5251\u6865\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6G.Udny Yule\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1aG. Udny Yule et al.,\u201cThe Function of Statistical Method in Scientific Investigation,\u201d Industrial Fatigue Research Board (Report no. 28), 1924;M.G.Kendall,\u201cThe Statistical Study of Literary Vocabulary,\u201d Nature, vol.153,1944,pp.570-571\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[6]John Guillory,\u201cClose Reading: Prologue and Epilogue,\u201d ADE Bulletin,vol.149,2010,p.8.\u672c\u6587\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230Guillory\u5173\u4e8e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c2007\u5e74\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5927\u5b66\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4f20\u9605\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u5173\u4e8e\u745e\u6070\u6148\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8bb2\u6f14\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e2015\u5e74MLA\u5927\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[7]\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8d77\u6e90\u6545\u4e8b\u4e00\u518d\u88ab\u91cd\u590d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Hayles, How We Think, p. 23\u548cMatthew L. Rockers, Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2013,p.3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[8]\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u63d0\u5230Theodore M. Porter, The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986\uff0c\u5b83\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u524d\u5b66\u79d1\u7edf\u8ba1\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b66\u90fd\u5728\u7e41\u8363\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6211\u4f1a\u63d0\u5230\u901f\u8bb0\u76f8\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u7edf\u8ba1\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0e\u8bed\u8a00\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\uff1aTony McEnery and Andrew Hardie,\u201cThe History of Corpus Linguistics,\u201d The Oxford<em> History of Linguistics<\/em>, ed. Keith Allan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013,p.728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[9]Lisa Gitelman, Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014,p.56.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[10]\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5b9a\u91cf\u201d\uff0cOED\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u6216\u57fa\u4e8e\u5143\u97f3\u957f\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u53e6\u89c1Prosody\uff1a\uff08\u97f5\u5f8b\u7b49\uff09\u57fa\u4e8e\u97f3\u8282\u957f\u5ea6\u800c\u975e\u91cd\u97f3\u6240\u5728\u3002\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u4e3b\u9898\u90fd\u843d\u811a\u4e8e\u201c\u5b9a\u91cf\u201d\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u4ea4\u53c9\u5904\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0e\u97f5\u5f8b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u540c\u6587\u5b66\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u00b7\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u65af\u7684\u201c\u53cc\u91cd\u751f\u6daf\u201d\uff0c\u90fd\u8868\u660e\u5b9a\u91cf\u6216\u91cf\u5316\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u5b83\u5178\u578b\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u975e\u7ec6\u8bfb\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[11]Jockers, Macroanalysis,p.9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[12]\u5173\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0eStephen Best\u548cSharon Marcus\u7684\u201c\u8868\u9762\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\uff08surface reading\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8868\u9762\u9605\u8bfb\u4e5f\u80fd\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u4e0a\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002Marcus\u548cBest\u6452\u5f03\u201c\u75c7\u5019\u5f0f\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u8868\u9762\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u79cd\u73b0\u5b58\u6216\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ca\u5b9e\u8df5\uff08\u4e66\u7c4d\u53f2\u3001\u7ec6\u8bfb\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u53d9\u4e8b\u5b66\u3001\u8bdd\u8bed\u5206\u6790\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u5bf9\u75c7\u5019\u5b66\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6279\u5224\u4e0d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u9762\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5927\u62b5\u4e5f\u80fd\u8f7b\u6613\u6ee1\u8db3\u75c7\u5019\u5f0f\u9605\u8bfb\u8981\u6c42\uff1b\u6587\u5b66\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u201c\u8868\u9762\u201d\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u89c1Stephen Best and Sharon Marcus, \u201cSurface Reading: An Introduction,\u201d Representations, vol. 108, no.1,2009,pp.1-21\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[13]Stephen Ramsay, Reading Machines: Toward an Algorithmic Criticism, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2011,p.1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[14]\u4e5f\u503c\u5f97\u8bb0\u4f4f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u83ab\u96f7\u8482\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5c60\u5bb0\u573a\u300b\u91cc\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u201c\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u7531\u4eba\u5de5\u9605\u8bfb\u4e0e\u5236\u8868\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\uff1aMoretti, \u201cThe Slaughterhouse of Literature,\u201d MLQ,vol.61,no.1,2000,p.220\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[15]\u4f8b\u5982\u96f7\u8499\u00b7\u5a01\u5ec9\u65af\u5c31\u89e3\u91ca\u8fc7\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u6280\u672f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u201c\u5728\u5fc3\u91cc\u5df2\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u65f6\u88ab\u5bfb\u627e\u5e76\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u89c1Raymond Williams: Television: Technology and Cultural Form, London: Routledge, 2003,p.7\u3002David Thorburn\u548cHenry Jenkins\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u8f83\u65e9\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5a92\u4f53\u8f6c\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ca\u4e4b\u540e\u575a\u6301\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u89c1Thorburn and Jenkins,\u201cIntroduction: Toward an Aesthetics of Transition,\u201d in Rethinking Media Change: The Aesthetics of<em> Transition<\/em>, Cambridge, MA:MIT Press,2003,pp.1-16\u3002\u53e6\u89c1Alan Liu,\u201cThe Meaning of the Digital Humanities,\u201d pp.416-418\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u5021\u5bfc\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u4e0e\u5a92\u4f53\u6709\u66f4\u957f\u8fdc\u8003\u8651\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[16]\u300a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6E.L.\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u535a\u58eb\u53bb\u4e16\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\uff08The New York Times\uff09\uff0c1949\u5e748\u670810\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[17]Edward L. Thorndike,\u201cWord Knowledge in the Elementary School,\u201d Teachers College Record, vol. 22,no.4,1921,p.334.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[18]Thorndike,\u201cWord Knowledge,\u201d pp. 334-341.\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u8c01\u534f\u52a9\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u672c\u602a\u4e66\u7684\u9996\u7248\uff0c\u4f46\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u548c\u6d1b\u5947\u540e\u671f\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u8ba1\u6570\u4f9d\u9760\u7684\u662fWPA\uff08\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u4e1a\u632f\u5174\u5c40\uff09\u5de5\u4eba\u3002\u53c2\u89c1Works Progress Administration, Index of Research Projects, vol. 1, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1938-1939, p.67\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u5426\u6d89\u53ca\u5927\u8427\u6761\u65f6\u671f\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u5973\u5de5\u201d\u3001\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u673a\u68b0\u7279\u514b\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6848\u5934\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u6709\u6781\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8ba1\u6570\u3001\u5236\u8868\u3001\u6253\u5b57\u3001\u590d\u5236\u3001\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u5efa\u7acb\u3001OCR\u4fee\u6b63\u7b49\uff0c\u5168\u90fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u52b3\u52a8\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5173\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u5973\u5de5\u201d\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\uff1aNatalia Cecire,\u201cWays of Not Reading Gertrude Stein,\u201d ELH, vol. 82, no. 1, 2015, pp. 281-312\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[19]Charles C. Fries and A. Aileen Traver, English Word Lists: A Study of Their Adaptability for Instruction, Ann Arbor, MI: The George Wahr Publishing Co., 1950,p.2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[20]\u9664\u4e86\u901f\u8bb0\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8bcd\u8bed\u7d22\u5f15\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u624b\u5199\uff1bLane Cooper,\u201cThe Making and the Use of a Verbal Concordance,\u201dThe Sewanee Review, vol. 21, no. 2, 1919, pp .191-195\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u7f16\u7e82\u534e\u5179\u534e\u65af\u8bcd\u8bed\u7d22\u5f15\u3002Cecire\u7684\u201cWays of Not Reading Gertrude Stein\u201d\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u51fa\u8272\u89e3\u8bfb\u548c\u5173\u8054\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u201c\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5386\u53f2\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u5973\u6027\u5316\u52b3\u4f5c\u5982\u6253\u5b57\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u56f4\u7ed5\u540e\u6765\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u65af\u6cf0\u56e0\u5f0f\u201d\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u3002 Benjamin Morgan\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5cThe<em> Outward Mind: Materialism, Science, and Aesthetics in Nineteenth-Century Britain<\/em>\uff08\u4e0e\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u7535\u90ae\u901a\u8baf\uff09\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd8\u539f\u4e86 Thomas Corwin Mendenhall\u3001L. A. Sherman\u548cRobert Moritz\u7b49\u4eba\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u6587\u5b66\u5ea6\u91cf\u201d\uff08literametrics\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u4f53\u88c1\u8bcd\u8bed\u548c\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[21]Fries and Traver, English Word lists,pp.4-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[22]Fries and Traver, English Word Lists, p.21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[23]Thorndike,\u201cWord Knowledge,\u201dp.361,p.354.\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u8ba1\u6570\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u8bfb\u7269\u4e2d\u5355\u8bcd\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u79ef\u5206\u7cfb\u7edf\u6001\u5ea6\u542b\u7cca\uff0c\u8981\u8bfb\u8005\u201c\u4efb\u610f\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79ef\u5206\u201d\uff08\u201cWord Knowledge,\u201dp.335\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[24]Thorndike,\u201cWord Knowledge,\u201dp.355.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[25]Geraldine Jon\u00e7ich, The Sane Positivist: A Biography of Edward L. Thorndike, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1968,p.393.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[26]Lorge,\u201cThe English Semantic Count,\u201d Teachers College Record, vol. 39, no. l,1937,pp.65-77;Lorge,The Semantic Count of the 570 Commonest English Words, New York: Institute of Psychological Research, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1949,pp.v-ix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[27]Richards and Reuben Brower,\u201cBeginnings and Transitions,\u201d in I. A. Richards: Essays in His Honor, eds. Brower, Helen Vendler, and John Hollander, New York: Oxford University Press, 1973,p.34.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[28]C. K. Ogden,\u201cThe Universal Language,\u201d Psyche, vol. 9, no.3,1929,p.1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[29]Ogden, The System of Basic English, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.,1934,p.4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[30]Ogden, The System of Basic English, p.4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[31]Ogden, The System of Basic English, p. 151; Ogden,\u201cProgress of Basic,\u201d Psyche, vol. 10,no.2,1929,p.36.\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5904\u7406\u884c\u8bdd\u3001\u5b98\u8bdd\u3001\u62d0\u5f2f\u62b9\u89d2\u7684\u8bdd\u548c\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7279\u522b\u5728\u884c\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5176\u6709\u9650\u8bcd\u6c47\u548c\u5197\u957f\u98ce\u683c\u53c8\u5f88\u4e0d\u5b9e\u7528\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5965\u683c\u767b\u548c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u4ee5\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u65b9\u5f0f\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5927\u91cf\u4ea7\u51fa\u8282\u9009\u6216\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\uff08\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u300a\u5361\u5c14\u4e0e\u5b89\u5a1c\u300b\u300a\u9c81\u6ee8\u900a\u6f02\u6d41\u8bb0\u300b\uff09\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u8bdd\u8bed\u6307\u5357\uff1b\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u5965\u683c\u767b\u548c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e66\u91cc\u63a8\u5e7f\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u6084\u6084\u5730\u4ece\u67d0\u4e2a\u70b9\u5f00\u59cb\u7528\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5199\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u8981\u8bfb\u8005\u627f\u8ba4\u4ece\u82f1\u8bed\u5411\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u6709\u591a\u4e0d\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u987a\u7545\u597d\u8bfb\uff08\u4f8b\u5982Richards, Basic English and<em> Its Uses<\/em>, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner &amp; Co., 1943,p.20\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[32]Ogden, The System of Basic English, p.4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[33]\u540e\u6765\u5965\u683c\u767b\u4e0e\u745e\u6070\u6148\u56e0\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u4ea7\u751f\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u758f\u8fdc\u3002\u5965\u683c\u767b\u5e7b\u60f3\u5168\u7403\u5e94\u7528\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ecf\u5e38\u63d0\u5230\u201c\u53bb\u8bed\u8a00\u4ea4\u6d41\u969c\u788d\u201d\uff08debabelization\uff09\u3002\u745e\u6070\u6148\u548c\u71d5\u535c\u836a\u7b49\u76df\u53cb\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u6700\u5927\u7528\u9014\u5728\u4e8e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u745e\u6070\u6148\u6b63\u5f0f\u65a9\u65ad\u540c\u5965\u683c\u767b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u505c\u6b62\u634d\u536b\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec6\u8bfb\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u7528\u9014\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\uff1aRichards, Selected Letters of I. A. Richards, ed. John Constable, Oxford: Clarendon, 1990,pp. 117-120\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[34]Murray Cohen, Sensible Words: Linguistic Practice in England, 1640-1785, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977, p. 19; Kevis Goodman, Georgic Modernity and British Romanticism: Poetry and the<em> Mediation of History<\/em>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 24-26.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[35]Ogden, The System of Basic English, p. 30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[36]Ogden,\u201cEditorial,\u201d Psyche, vol. 9, no. 5, 1929, pp. 5-6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[37]Ogden,\u201cProgress of Basic,\u201d pp. 22-26; Ogden, The System of Basic English, pp.22-32.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[38]Thorndike,\u201cWord Knowledge,\u201d p. 364. \u5c3d\u7ba1\u65e9\u671f\u8bf4\u8f9e\u542b\u7cca\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u7edf\u8ba1\u8868\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u901a\u7528\u8bed\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a T. Sawamura: Interim Report on Vocabulary Selection for the Teaching of English as a Foreign<em> Language<\/em>, London: P. S. King&amp;Son, 1936, p. 1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[39]Lydia H. Liu, The Freudian Robot: Digital Media and the Future of the Unconscious, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 91; Raley,\u201cMachine Translation and Global English.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[40]Liu, <em>The Freudian Robot<\/em>, p. 99.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[41]Ogden,\u201cEditorial,\u201d p. 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[42]Richards, <em>Basic English and Its Uses<\/em>, p. 62.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[43]Richards, <em>Selected Letters<\/em>, p. 46.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[44]John Paul Russo, I. A. <em>Richards: His Life and Work<\/em>, London: Routledge, 1989, pp. 294-316. \u4eba\u4eec\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u745e\u6070\u6148\u4e86\u89e3\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8457\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6279\u8bc4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5426\u53d7\u5230\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u7406\u89e3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u9605\u8bfb\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7ea7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a Richard L. Venezky,\u201cThe History of Reading Research,\u201d in <em>Handbook of Reading Research<\/em>, eds. P. David Pearson et al., New York: Longman, 1984, pp. 16-17\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[45]Richards, <em>Practical Criticism<\/em>, p. 12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[46]Richards, <em>Practical Criticism<\/em>, p. 204.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[47]Richards, <em>Practical Criticism<\/em>, p. 195.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[48]Richards, <em>Practical Criticism<\/em>, p. 227.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[49]Richards, <em>Basic in Teaching: <\/em>East and West, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner&amp; Co., 1935, pp. 56-57.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[50]Richards, <em>Practical Criticism<\/em>, p. 294.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[51]Richards, <em>Basic in Teaching<\/em>, p. 49; Russo, I. A. Richards, p. 298.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[52]Richards, <em>Basic English and Its Uses<\/em>, pp. 107-109.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[53]Richards,<em> Basic in Teaching<\/em>, p. 84.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[54]Richards, <em>Basic English and Its Uses<\/em>, p. 94; Richards, Practical Criticism, p. 13.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[55]Alan Liu,\u201cThe Meaning of the Digital Humanities,\u201d p. 414. \u5173\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u68a6\u7684\u6292\u60c5\u62c6\u89e3\u53ca\u201c\u8868\u9762\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u89c1Ellen Rooney,\u201cLive Free or Describe: The Reading Effect and the Persistence of Form,\u201d <em>Differences<\/em>, vol. 21, no. 3, 2010, pp. 112-139\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[56]Matthew Kirschenbaum,\u201cThe Remaking of Reading: Data Mining and the Digital Humanities,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.csee.umbc.edu\/~hillol\/NGDM07\/abstracts\/talks\/MKirschen-%20baum.pdf\">http:\/\/www.csee.umbc.edu\/~hillol\/NGDM07\/abstracts\/talks\/MKirschen- baum.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[57]\u71d5\u535c\u836a\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u8bf4\u660e\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec6\u8bfb\uff0c\u89c1\u201cBasic English and Wordsworth (A Radio Talk),\u201d <em>The Kenyon Review<\/em>, vol. 2, no. 4, 1940, pp. 449-457.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[58]\u6211\u501f\u7528\u4e86Alan Liu\u5bf9\u201c\u63d2\u4ef6\u201d\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u201cThe Meaning of the Digital Humanities,\u201d p. 415\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[59]George R. Klare,\u201cReadability,\u201d in <em>Handbook of Reading Research<\/em>, ed. Pearson et al., p. 681.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[60]Jeanne S. Chall,\u201cThe Beginning Years,\u201d <em>in Readability: Its Past, Present, and Future<\/em>, ed. Beverley L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zakaluk and S. Jay Samuels, Newark: International Reading Association, 1988, pp. 2-7; Venezky,\u201cThe History of Reading Research,\u201d p. 24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[61]Rudolf Flesch, <em>The Art of Plain Talk<\/em>, New York: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1946, p. 173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[62]Flesch,\u201cHow Basic is Basic English?,\u201d <em>Harper\u2019s Magazine<\/em>, 1944, p. 341.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[63]George R. Klare, <em>The Measurement of Readability<\/em>, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1963, pp. 58-59. \u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08<em>The Art of Plain Talk<\/em>, pp. 58-65\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u539f\u59cb\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5f17\u83b1\u4ec0\u4e0e\u91d1\u51ef\u5fb7\uff08Flesch and Kincaid\uff09\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08Klare,\u201cReadability,\u201d p. 693\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[64]Guillory,\u201cThe Memo and Modernity,\u201d <em>Critical Inquiry<\/em>, vol. 31, no. 1, 2004, pp. 123-132. \u91cd\u70b9\u89c1\u4e8e p. 126\u53cap. 49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[65]Cleanth Brooks,\u201cI. A. Richards and <em>Practical Criticism<\/em>,\u201d in <em>The Critics Who Made Us: Essays from Sewanee Review<\/em>, ed. George Core, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993, p. 46.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[66]Brooks, <em>The Relation of the Alabama-Georgia Dialect to the Provincial Dialects of Great Britain<\/em>, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1935, p. 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[67]Cleanth Brooks, Robert Penn Warren, <em>Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren: A Literary Correspondence<\/em>, ed. James A. Grimshaw, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998, pp. 134-137.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[68]Brooks, T<em>he Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry<\/em>, New York: Harcourt, 1947, p. 76.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[69]Brooks, <em>The Well Wrought Um<\/em>, p. 196.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[70]Guillory,<em> Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation<\/em>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 159-160.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[71]Brooks and Warren, <em>Understanding Poetry<\/em>, New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1938, p. xi; Brooks, The Well<em> Wrought Um<\/em>, p. 206.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[72]Richards and Brower, \u201cBeginnings and Transitions,\u201d p. 29.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e94\u5341\u5c9a\u6d0b\u5e73 \/ \u7f8e\u56fd\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u5927\u5b66\u82f1\u8bed\u7cfb \u6c6a\u3000\u8605\uff08\u8bd1\uff09\/ \u81ea\u7531\u8bd1\u8005 \u4e94\u5341\u5c9a\u6d0b\u5e73 \/ \u7f8e\u56fd\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u5927\u5b66\u82f1\u8bed\u7cfb \u6c6a\u3000 [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[4957],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24450","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-4957"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24450","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24450"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24450\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24519,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24450\/revisions\/24519"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24450"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24450"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24450"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}