{"id":8172,"date":"2021-07-26T20:16:57","date_gmt":"2021-07-26T12:16:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/?p=8172"},"modified":"2024-04-04T01:31:20","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T17:31:20","slug":"%e5%a4%9a%e9%87%8d%e5%b0%ba%e5%ba%a6%e4%b8%8d%e5%8f%af%e8%a7%81%e7%9a%84%e5%8a%b3%e5%8a%a8%e3%80%81%e7%bc%96%e8%be%91%e5%b7%a5%e4%bd%9c%e4%b8%8e%e6%96%87%e5%ad%a6%e5%ae%9a%e9%87%8f%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/site\/works\/dhjournal\/202101\/8172.html","title":{"rendered":"\u591a\u91cd\u5c3a\u5ea6:\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0e\u6587\u5b66\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u672a\u6765"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u52b3\u4f26\u00b7F.\u514b\u83b1\u56e0\uff1b\u8f6c\u81ea\uff1a\u516c\u4f17\u53f7 DH\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#60569a\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021_Nian_1_Qi-1024x343.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7943\" width=\"602\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021_Nian_1_Qi-1024x343.png 1024w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021_Nian_1_Qi-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021_Nian_1_Qi-768x257.png 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021_Nian_1_Qi.png 1063w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u52b3\u4f26\u00b7F.\u514b\u83b1\u56e0&nbsp;\/&nbsp;\u7f8e\u56fd\u57c3\u9ed8\u91cc\u5927\u5b66\u82f1\u8bed\u7cfb\u548c\u91cf\u5316\u5206\u6790\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u9648\u5927\u9f99(\u8bd1)&nbsp;\/&nbsp;\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u5408\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:#0071a1\" class=\"has-inline-color\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0071a1\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u6458\u8981:<\/span><\/strong>\u4ee519\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5973\u6027\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u9ed1\u4eba\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u5b89\u00b7\u6c99\u5fb7(Mary Ann Shadd, 1823-1893)\u548c\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u767d\u4eba\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8389\u8fea\u4e9a\u00b7\u739b\u5229\u4e9a\u00b7\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7(Lydia Maria Child, 1802-1880)\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a2\u7d2219\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e66\u9762\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u53ef\u89c1\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u4e24\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5171\u540c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982\u4eca\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6c99\u5fb7\u548c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u5c55\u793a\u5973\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u65e2\u628a\u7f16\u8f91\u7528\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53c8\u628a\u5b83\u7528\u4f5c\u7b79\u6f14\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u91c7\u7528\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u548c\u5176\u540e\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u6784\u6210\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u52b3\u52a8\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684:\u4f53\u529b\u7684\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u667a\u529b\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u628a\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u9700\u8981\u8fd0\u7528\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u65e8\u5728\u8bf4\u660e\u5b9a\u91cf\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u5982\u4f55\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u5bbd\u5e7f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u662f\u7531\u8ddd\u79bb\u3001\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8981\u53bb\u547d\u540d\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u8bc1\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u6027\u522b\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u6570\u636e\u6982\u5ff5\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5171\u5efa\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8d56\u4ee5\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color:#0071a1\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u5173\u952e\u8bcd:<\/span><\/strong>\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5 \u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76 \u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8 \u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21 \u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:#0071a1\" class=\"has-inline-color\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0071a1\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u5f15 \u8a00<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u601d\u8003\u4e86\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u73b0\u5728\u548c\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5199\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u5730\u65b9<sup>[1]<\/sup>\u2014\u2014\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u6e29\u838e\u3002\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u4e0e\u5e95\u7279\u5f8b\u9694\u6cb3\u76f8\u671b\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f1953\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5927\u897f\u90e8\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u897f\u90e8\u7ec8\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u5b89\u00b7\u6c99\u5fb7<sup>[2]<\/sup>(Mary Ann Shadd, 1823-1893)\u7684\u5bb9\u8eab\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u5979\u4e8e18\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u524d\u4ece\u7279\u62c9\u534e\u7ecf\u7ebd\u7ea6\u79fb\u5c45\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6253\u7b97\u5f00\u529e\u4e00\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u5230\u6e29\u838e\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u5c31\u529e\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u5979\u575a\u6301\u5c06\u9ed1\u4eba\u5b69\u5b50\u548c\u767d\u4eba\u5b69\u5b50\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u6559\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7ecf\u8d39\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e00\u76f4\u5f88\u7d27\u5f20\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u5979\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u505c\u8fc7\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5979\u8fd8\u662f\u627f\u53d7\u4e0d\u4f4f\u4e86\uff0c1853\u5e743\u670823\u65e5\u5979\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8270\u96be\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5173\u95ed\u4e86\u8fd9\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u800c\u5c31\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u5916\u7701\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b(\u4e0b\u79f0\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b\uff0c<em>The Provincial Freeman<\/em>)\u7b2c\u4e00\u671f\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5979\u83b7\u5f97\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u7f16\u8f91\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u201d\u7684\u8363\u8a89\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u8fd8\u88ab\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u3002<sup>[3]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6c99\u5fb7\u672c\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6210\u5c31\u5f52\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u2014\u2014\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u82e5\u5e72\u5e74\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002<sup>[4]<\/sup>\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u671f\u628a\u4e00\u4f4d\u66f4\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8428\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u745e\u6069\u9ad8\u5fb7\u00b7\u534e\u5fb7(Samuel Ringgold Ward)\u5217\u4e3a\u7f16\u8f91\u3002\u534e\u5fb7\u8fd8\u662f\u6f14\u8bf4\u5bb6\u3001\u7267\u5e08(\u5173\u952e\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u4e2a\u7537\u4eba)\u3002\u7cbe\u660e\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u671f\u4e0a\u8fd8\u520a\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u5219\u533f\u540d\u7684\u81f4\u6b49\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6c99\u5fb7\u6240\u5199\u3002\u90a3\u4e0a\u9762\u89e3\u91ca\u9053:\u201c\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u91d1\u94b1\u4e0a\u7684\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4f1a\u6295\u5165\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u751f\u8ba1\uff0c\u534e\u5fb7\u5148\u751f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8fd8\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u5982\u613f\u5728\u672c\u62a5\u4e0a\u6295\u5165\u7cbe\u529b\u3002\u201d<sup>[5]<\/sup>\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5979\u7684\u4f20\u8bb0\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u00b7\u7f57\u5179\u6240\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u5370\u5728\u62a5\u5934\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u53e5\u8bdd:\u201c\u6765\u4fe1\u8bf7\u9884\u4ed8\u90ae\u8d39\uff0c\u8bf7\u81f4\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7A.\u6c99\u5fb7\uff0c\u6e29\u838e\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u897f\u90e8\u201d\uff0c\u660e\u767d\u65e0\u8bef\u5730\u8868\u660e:\u6c99\u5fb7\u624d\u662f\u201c\u8fd9\u5bb6\u62a5\u7eb8\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u638c\u95e8\u4eba\u201d\u3002<sup>[6]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u6c99\u5fb7\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u4f8b\u8bc1\u4e86\u90a3\u4e2a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u89c6\u7ebf\u4e4b\u5916\u800c\u5728\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u800c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u3002<sup>[7]<\/sup>\u6b63\u5982\u51e0\u4ee3\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u52b3\u52a8\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5728\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u6210\u679c\u4e2d\u88ab\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5176\u8d21\u732e\u4e5f\u88ab\u4f4e\u4f30(\u6216\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4)\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6ce8\u5165\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u2014\u2014\u4f7f\u8fd9\u79cd\u52b3\u52a8\u53ef\u89c1\u548c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u4ef7\u503c\u8bc4\u4f30\u2014\u2014\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u7a0b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u5973\u6027\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5c31\u627f\u62c5\u4e86\u4e0d\u4ed8\u94b1\u7684\u5bb6\u52a1\u52b3\u52a8\u3002<sup>[8]<\/sup>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u767d\u4eba\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8389\u8fea\u4e9a\u00b7\u739b\u5229\u4e9a\u00b7\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7(Lydia Maria Child, 1802-1880)\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8521\u5c14\u5fb71841\u5e74\u7ed9\u670b\u53cb\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\u6240\u8bf4:\u201c\u9664\u4e86\u505a\u7537\u6027\u7f16\u8f91\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u505a\u7684\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u8863\u670d\u6211\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u6d17\u71a8\u505a\u8865\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e08\u592b\u8212\u670d\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u9488\u7ebf\u6d3b\u513f\u8981\u505a\u3002\u201d<sup>[9]<\/sup>\u5b57\u91cc\u884c\u95f4\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u6027(whiteness)\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5979\u80fd\u591f\u65e2\u5728\u5bb6\u5e72\u6d3b\u513f\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u62a5\u793e\u5e72\u6d3b\u513f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u201c\u79cd\u65cf\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u201d\u611f\u5230\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\u800c\u6b63\u5982\u82cf\u7f8e\u62c9\u00b7\u6851\u5854\u739b\u4e3d\u5a1c\u6240\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u79cd\u65cf\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u201d\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd19\u4e16\u7eaa\u9ed1\u4eba\u52b3\u52a8\u5973\u6027\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002<sup>[10]<\/sup>\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u62b1\u6028\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u513f\u53d8\u5f97\u5f88\u6e05\u6670\u4e86:\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u201c\u6d17\u71a8\u505a\u8865\u201d\u4e00\u6837\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u2014\u2014\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e00\u4e0b\u2014\u2014\u5de5\u4f5c(work)\u3002<sup>[11]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6c99\u5fb7\u548c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5374\u56e0\u5979\u4eec\u90fd\u6295\u8eab\u4e8e\u5e9f\u5974\u4e8b\u4e1a\u800c\u76f8\u8fde\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7740\u624b\u5904\u7406\u4e86\u5979\u4eec\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a2\u7d22\u7f8e\u56fd19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e66\u9762\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u53ef\u89c1\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u6765\u652f\u6301\u8fd1\u671f\u5361\u62c9\u00b7L.\u5f7c\u5f97\u68ee<sup>[12]<\/sup>\u3001\u76ae\u5c14\u00b7\u52a0\u767e\u5229\u00b7\u798f\u5c14\u66fc<sup>[13]<\/sup>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u8fd1\u7684\u739b\u5c3c\u838e\u00b7\u8f9b\u54c8<sup>[14]<\/sup>\u7b49\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u5e9f\u5974\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5148\u950b\u3002\u6211\u8981\u5c55\u793a\u5973\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u65e2\u628a\u7f16\u8f91\u7528\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53c8\u628a\u5b83\u7528\u4f5c\u7b79\u6f14(staging\uff0c\u5728\u51c6\u5907\u548c\u6f14\u51fa\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a)\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5(\u5728\u6c99\u5fb7\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d)\u3002<sup>[15]<\/sup>\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6c99\u5fb7\u548c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u6c99\u5fb7\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u5efa\u6784\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5979\u5bf9\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7R.\u65af\u62dc\u8036\u8fd1\u671f\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<sup>[16]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e5f\u5171\u540c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982\u4eca\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fdc\u8bfb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f(phrase)\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u67b6\u6784\u90fd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4ece\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u8fdb\u5165\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c6\u89d2\u6b63\u662f\u8fdc\u8bfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7279\u5fb7\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u4f0d\u5fb7\u5728\u5176\u300a\u8fdc\u89c6\u91ce\u300b\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u63a2\u7d22\u201c\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7ebf\u8303\u56f4\u201d(the sweep of long timelines)\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u65f6\uff0c\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c6\u89d2\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e3a\u201c\u53ea\u6709\u79bb\u5f00\u5730\u9762\u4e00\u5b9a\u8ddd\u79bb\u624d\u80fd\u770b\u5f97\u5230\u5730\u5e73\u7ebf\u201d\u3002<sup>[17]<\/sup>\u867d\u7136\u5b89\u5fb7\u4f0d\u5fb7\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u201c\u8981\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u8d4b\u4e88\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u201d\u53ea\u6709\u8fdc\u671b\u201c\u81ea\u8eab\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u53ea\u662f\u8fdc\u8bfb\u540d\u4e0b\u524d\u8fdb\u7684\u201c\u82e5\u5e72\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f9d\u7136\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u5730\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5927\u8f6e\u5ed3\u548c\u53ef\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<sup>[18]<\/sup>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u82cf\u771f\u548c\u57c3\u5fb7\u6e29\u00b7\u7f57\u5170\u5c1d\u8bd5\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u6279\u8bc4\u6027\u7684\u8fdc\u8bfb\u201d\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u5f02\u5e38\u503c\u548c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\u6240\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u51b3\u8fdc\u8bfb\u548c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u8f74\u95ee\u9898(the structuring axis of&nbsp;<em>distant&nbsp;<\/em>and&nbsp;<em>close<\/em>)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5728\u8d85\u8d8a\u8fdc\u8bfb\u548c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u754c\u9650\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u6765\u60f3\u8c61\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9 \u4e9b\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u80fd\u5e26\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d1e\u89c1\u9700\u8981\u8bed\u5883\u6846\u67b6\u2014\u2014\u548c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u7ef4\u2014\u2014\u624d\u80fd\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u6765\u3002<sup>[19]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d1e\u89c1\u591a\u4e0e\u5973\u6027\u3001\u9ed1\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7fa4\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5de7\u5408\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5802\u5a1c\u00b7\u54c8\u62c9\u7ef4\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u8ddd\u79bb\u7684\u6280\u672f(the technology of distance)\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u63a9\u76d6\u4e0d\u5904\u4e8e\u5360\u4f18\u52bf\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002<sup>[20]<\/sup>\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6269\u5c55\u91cf\u5316\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5305\u62ec\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u5750\u6807\u8f74\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u4ece\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u8f74\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u663e\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u8bbe\u60f3\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9014\u5f84\u4e0d\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fdc\u671b\u6240\u6388\u4e88\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6298\u5c04\u51fa\u591a\u5143\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u659f\u914c\u5177\u4f53\u4f5c\u54c1\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u548c\u4ee5\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c6\u89d2\u5f97\u4ee5\u805a\u7126\u800c\u6e05\u6670\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c6\u89d2\u5f88\u5c11\u88ab\u540c\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u7ef4\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a2\u7d22\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u548c\u8054\u7ed3\u3002\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c6\u89d2\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u91cf\u5316\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5f88\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6587\u672c\u5173\u952e\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u6613\u8bfb\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u653e\u5927\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8981\u8bf4\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bba\u8bc1\u5c06\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u6c99\u5fb7\u548c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5e76\u65e0\u610f\u4e8e\u5ffd\u7565\u8fd9\u79cd\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6027\u522b\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u610f\u4e8e\u62b9\u53bb\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5973\u6027\u4f9d\u7136\u88ab\u5974\u5f79\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u9009\u62e9\u53bb\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u6bd4\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u5979\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u5979\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u628a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ece\u5974\u5f79\u4e2d\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u60f3\u8c61\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u81ea\u89c9\u5730\u8c03\u7528\u5979\u4eec\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u65e0\u610f\u4e8e\u6697\u793a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u628a\u5979\u4eec\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u672f\u8bed\u3002<sup>[21]<\/sup>\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u6211\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\u2014\u2014\u6211\u662f\u6307\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6587\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u624d\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5173\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5de5\u4f5c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u95ee\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u6211\u4eec\u5c1d\u8bd5\u56de\u7b54\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5851\u9020\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ece<strong>\u8fdc\u8bfb\u2014\u7ec6\u8bfb<\/strong>\u7684\u5750\u6807\u8f74\u5230\u7531\u591a\u7ef4\u7684\u523b\u5ea6\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u8981\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u6211\u8981\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u63a2\u6c42\u5173\u4e8e\u6027\u522b\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u8fc4\u4eca\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd8\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u63a2\u7d22\u7684(\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f53\u7136\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd)\u3002<sup>[22]<\/sup>\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u8fd0\u7528\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u548c\u5176\u540e\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u5c55\u793a\u91cf\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5c06\u7f16\u8f91\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u5982\u4e0d\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5c06\u5f88\u96be\u663e\u73b0\u3002\u6211\u8fd8\u5c06\u5c55\u793a\u6784\u6210\u6211\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8bb0\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u52b3\u52a8\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684:\u4f53\u529b\u7684\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u667a\u529b\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u8bc4\u4ef7\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u628a\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u9700\u8981\u8fd0\u7528\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u6211\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u5b9a\u91cf\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u5982\u4f55\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u5bbd\u5e7f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u662f\u7531\u8ddd\u79bb\u3001\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8981\u53bb\u547d\u540d\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62d3\u5c55\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u6c99\u5fb7\u548c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5f62\u5f0f\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0071a1\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u4e00\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u4f7f\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u6765<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1849\u5e74\uff0c\u6c99\u5fb7\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u53d1\u8868\u5979\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u5c01\u81f4\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u7684\u4fe1\uff0c\u520a\u767b\u5728\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u5317\u65b9\u4e4b\u661f\u300b(<em>The North Star<\/em>)\u4e0a\u3002<sup>[23]<\/sup>\u800c\u5728\u6b648\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f1841\u5e74\uff0c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u638c\u7ba1\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53cd\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b(\u4e0b\u79f0\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\uff0c<em>The National Anti-Slavery Standard<\/em>)\u4e86\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u51fa\u4efb\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u53cd\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u534f\u4f1a(American Anti-Slavery Society\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0AASS)\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u62a5\u7eb8\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u77e5\u9053\u5979\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u6218\u573a\u3002\u800c\u5c31\u5728\u90a3\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u53cd\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u534f\u4f1a1840\u5e74\u7684\u5e74\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5973\u6743\u4e0e\u6c11\u6743\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u9075\u5b88\u5df2\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u767d\u4eba\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u9053\u5fb7\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u51cf\u5f31\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u7ee7\u7eed\u7559\u5728\u534f\u4f1a\u5185\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u662f\u56e2\u7ed3\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5e9f\u5974\u5468\u56f4\u6bd4\u8f83\u597d\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5f97\u66f4\u6fc0\u8fdb\u66f4\u597d\u5462?\u4e14\u4e0d\u8c08\u534f\u4f1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u5458\u4ecd\u7136\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u767d\u4eba\uff0c\u5b83\u600e\u4e48\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u767d\u4eba\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u3001\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u9ed1\u4eba\u53cd\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u56e2\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u66f4\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5173\u7cfb?\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u573a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u9ed1\u4eba\u652f\u6301\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u65e9\u5df2\u662f\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u53cd\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u6210\u5458\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u6b63\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u96be\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u4f9d\u7136\u51b3\u5b9a\u575a\u6301\u5979\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u65b9\u9488\u3002\u5979\u540e\u6765\u5728\u544a\u522b\u793e\u8bba\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u56de\u9996\u4e24\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4ece\u672a\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65cb\u6da1\u66fe\u8ba9\u6211\u504f\u79bb\u81ea\u5df1\u89c4\u5212\u7684\u65b9\u9488\u4e00\u4e1d\u4e00\u6beb\u201d\u3002\u5979\u7ee7\u7eed\u89e3\u91ca\u9053\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u65b9\u9488\u662f\u7531\u5979\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u826f\u77e5\u548c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u7b56\u7565\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684:\u5728\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e2d\u63d2\u5165\u201c\u5f88\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\uff0c\u5979\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u8bda\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u8be1\u8ba1\u201d(honest, open trick)\u3002\u5979\u62a2\u5360\u5148\u673a\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u8bf1\u5bfc\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u5973\u6027\u548c\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u201c\u5766\u8bda\u5730\u770b\u4e00\u770b\u53cd\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u539f\u5219\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u82e5\u975e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u3002<sup>[24]<\/sup>\u901a\u8fc7\u52a0\u5165\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u66f4\u5f31\u7684\u6587\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3001\u77ed\u7bc7\u6545\u4e8b\u3001\u98df\u8c31\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5979\u81ea\u5df1\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u5e0c\u671b\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u4e0e\u5e9f\u5974\u4e8b\u4e1a\u642d\u4e0a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bf4\u628a\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u63d2\u5165\u5979\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u771f\u7684\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e24\u671f\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u793e\u8bba\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6750\u6599\u5219\u662f\u7531\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u6216\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u901a\u8baf\u8bb0\u8005\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u7ec4\u6210\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u62a5\u7eb8\u80fd\u591f\u96c7\u4f63\u5f88\u591a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u591a\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6beb\u4e0d\u5938\u5f20\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u628a\u9875\u9762\u586b\u5145\u6ee1\u5373\u662f\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u5e38\u4efb\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4f1a\u6709\u4e24\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba(\u5c3d\u7ba1\u52a9\u7406\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u53d1\u884c\u4eba\u3001\u5370\u5237\u5de5\u548c\u6392\u5b57\u5de5\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u6765\u5e2e\u5fd9)\u3002\u7f16\u8f91\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u62e3\u9009\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u5145\u6ee1\u4e00\u671f\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6885\u96f7\u8fea\u601d\u00b7\u9ea6\u5409\u5c14\u6240\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5b66\u56fe\u666f\u4e2d\u7279\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u201c\u7ffb\u7248\u6587\u5316\u201d\u3002<sup>[25]<\/sup>\u7f16\u8f91\u4eec\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u50cf\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5f80\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e2d\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e9b\u501f\u6765\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e24\u884c\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u7b80\u7f29\u6216\u6269\u5145\u5185\u5bb9\u4f7f\u4e4b\u6b63\u597d\u9002\u5408\u9875\u9762\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u548c\u5370\u5237\u5de5\u548c\u6392\u5b57\u5de5\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u91cd\u6392\u6587\u5b57(\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u5370\u5237\u5de5\u5e38\u5e38\u5c31\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e2\u662f\u4f53\u529b\u6d3b\u513f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8111\u529b\u6d3b\u513f\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u628a\u8fd9\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u5206\u5f00\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e2\u662f\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u5c55\u793a\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u4f55\u4ee5\u65e2\u53ef\u89c1\u53c8\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u6863\u4e2d\u8bcd\u6c47\u7fa4\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u201c\u4e3b\u9898\u201d\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u663e\u8457\u6027\u5730\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e00\u8d77\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fed\u4ee3\u7684\u3001\u6982\u7387\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u6765\u3002<sup>[26]<\/sup>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6280\u672f\u662f\u57281990\u5e74\u4ee3\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\u662f\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u5c40(DARPA)\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u63a2\u6d4b\u65b0\u95fb\u4e13\u7ebf\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u80fd\u591f\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u519b\u961f\u673a\u6784\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u51fa\u8b66\u62a5\u3002<sup>[27]<\/sup>\u65e9\u572821\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u751f\u6210\u4e3b\u9898\u6a21\u578b(\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u6863\u5206\u7c7b\u3001\u96c6\u7fa4\u6a21\u578b)\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5de5\u5177\u5305MALLET\u7684\u53d1\u5e03\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u5165\u4e3b\u6d41\u300221\u4e16\u7eaa\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u5f00\u59cb\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e3d\u838e\u00b7\u7f57\u8fea\u5bf9\u968f\u7269\u6577\u683c(ekphrastic poetry)\u4e2d\u6027\u522b\u5316\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c<sup>[28]<\/sup>\u857e\u5207\u5c14\u00b7\u5e03\u5c14\u739b\u5bf9\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u7279\u7f57\u6d1b\u666e\u516d\u5377\u5df4\u585e\u7279\u90e1\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c<sup>[29]<\/sup>\u8fd8\u6709\u4e54\u00b7\u53e4\u5c14\u8fea\u5bf9\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u516c\u5171\u8bbe\u65bd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u3002<sup>[30]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u76d1\u7763\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5b66\u8005\u8d1f\u8d23\u6536\u96c6\u8981\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6587\u6863\u96c6\u3001\u5199\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u975e\u4e8b\u5148\u786e\u5b9a\u8981\u53bb\u5bfb\u627e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u53ea\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u8981\u5bfb\u627e\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u62bd\u6837\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u968f\u673a\u5730\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u91cd\u590d\u9009\u62e9\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u6a21\u578b\u9010\u6e10\u9002\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u9898\u81ea\u8eab\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u7cbe\u786e\uff0c\u8054\u7cfb\u6027\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a(refined and coherent)\u3002<sup>[31]<\/sup>\u56e0\u4e3a\u62bd\u6837\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u968f\u673a\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u4ee3\u7801\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u90fd\u4f1a\u7a0d\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u627f\u8ba4\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u63a8\u8bba\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u7b2a\u7ae0\u96be\u5728\u6279\u8bc4\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u6587\u5b66\u8bed\u5883\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u7b2a\u7ae0\u96be\u6452\u5f03\u4e86\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u62bd\u6837\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u53ef\u53d8\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5979\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u672f\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7f3a\u5c11\u201c\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u201d\u3002<sup>[32]<\/sup>\u4e0e\u7b2a\u7ae0\u96be\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4e0e\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u7ad9\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5e76\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u672f\u88ab\u81ea\u89c9\u5730\u8fd0\u7528\u5e76\u52a0\u4ee5\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u9610\u91ca\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u6765\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u5728\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u672f\u66f4\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fdc\u8bfb\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4f55\u4ee5\u542f\u793a\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u8fd0\u7528?\u5982\u4f55\u5f15\u5165\u8bed\u5883\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c?\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u62a5\u7eb8\u8fdb\u884c\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u6765\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u7f16\u8f91\u590d\u672c(copia)\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u56de\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6216\u8005\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u8ff0\u5f97\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5f15\u5165\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u201c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u5979\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u600e\u4e48\u628a\u5b83\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765?\u6c99\u5fb7\u90a3\u4e9b\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u53c8\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u5462?\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u5979\u505a\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u504f\u597d\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u538b\u529b\u3001\u6863\u6848\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u90fd\u6709\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u6211\u4eec\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177:\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e00\u79cd\u8fdc\u8bfb\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7167\u4eae\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u751f\u4ea7\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u62a5\u7eb8\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e0a\u603b\u5171\u63d0\u53d6\u4e86100\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u88681\u662f\u5176\u4e2d10\u4e2a\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e3b\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c99\u5fb7\u548c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u6240\u5904\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u5f00\u59cb\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002<sup>[33]<\/sup>\u6211\u5bf9\u5728\u62a5\u7eb8\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u4e3b\u9898\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u3002\u5728\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3a\u4ee5\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u7126\u70b9\u7684\u6bcf\u4efd\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u5404\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5404\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u6240\u5360\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u6211\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u52a0\u603b(\u4e3b\u9898\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u5404\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5404\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u5360\u6bd4\u7684)\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u548c\u6309\u4ece\u51fa\u73b0\u6700\u591a\u5230\u51fa\u73b0\u6700\u5c11\u6392\u5217\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c06\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u88681\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u768410\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u6240\u5360\u6bd4\u4f8b\u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class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">\u88682 \u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53cd\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u4e2d\u6700\u663e\u8457\u768410\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_2-2-883x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8174\" width=\"620\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_2-2-883x1024.png 883w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_2-2-259x300.png 259w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_2-2-768x891.png 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_2-2.png 1262w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u88683\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u955c\u5934\u7684\u6298\u5c04\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u52b3\u52a8\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5979\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u4fe1\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u5979\u505a\u4e86\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8bf4\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u520a\u5934\u4e0a\u5979\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u80fd\u6307\u51fa\u5177\u4f53\u54ea\u4e9b\u793e\u8bba\u662f\u5979\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u54ea\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u662f\u5979\u9009\u6765\u7ffb\u5370\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5c42\u9762\u63cf\u8ff0\u5979\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8f6e\u5ed3\u3002\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\uff0c\u62a5\u7eb8\u88ab\u76f8\u5f53\u5747\u5300\u5730\u5206\u6210\u4e24\u90e8\u5206:\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u9898(T26\u3001T42\u3001T35\u548cT5)\u548c\u88ab\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u7528\u4f5c\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u201c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u3002\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u663e\u793a\u5979\u4e3a\u5e73\u8861\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u6750\u6599\u800c\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u52aa\u529b:\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u548c\u5e9f\u5974\u8fd0\u52a8\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5979\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ef\u4ee5\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5e9f\u5974\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u529b\u91cf\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">\u88683 \u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u4efb\u7f16\u8f91\u671f\u95f4\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53cd\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u4e2d\u6700\u663e\u8457\u768410\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_3-2-855x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8175\" width=\"641\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_3-2-855x1024.png 855w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_3-2-250x300.png 250w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_3-2-768x920.png 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_3-2.png 1262w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e3b\u9898\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u955c\u5934\u518d\u805a\u7126\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e0e\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u4efb\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u7f16\u8f91\u5173\u8054\u6027\u6700\u5f3a\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u610f\u4e49:T70\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u4ee5\u70f9\u996a\u539f\u6599\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u3002\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u6709\u7406\u7531\u5bf9\u70f9\u996a\u611f\u5174\u8da3:\u57281920\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u5979\u5199\u8fc7\u70f9\u996a\u7545\u9500\u4e66\u3002\u4f46T70\u6392\u5e8f\u8fd9\u4e48\u9760\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u70f9\u996a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u7528\u4f5c\u5979\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7b56\u7565\u4f7f\u66f4\u591a\u5973\u6027\u611f\u5230\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u4e0e\u5e9f\u5974\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7ed3\u76df\u3002\u8bb0\u8f7d\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u638c\u8235\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u6570\u91cf\u5c31\u81a8\u80c0\u523016,000\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4e00\u4efd\u6210\u529f\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u7528\u6237\u8ba2\u9605\u91cf\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u5c0f\u51e0\u767e\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u5e94\u65f6\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e13\u680f\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u6536\u96c6\u4e3a\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u6765\u4fe1\u300b(<em>Letters from NewYork<\/em>)\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5979\u81ea\u5df1\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5979\u7684\u544a\u522b\u793e\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u8bf4\u5979\u610f\u6b32\u5c06\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u505a\u6210\u4e00\u4efd\u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u62a5\u7eb8\u201d\u3002<sup>[34]<\/sup>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5982\u6b64\u76f4\u767d\u5730\u4e0e\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e8b\u52a1\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u6392\u5e8f\u5982\u6b64\u9760\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bc1\u636e\u662f\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u4e3b\u9898\u6392\u5e8f\u4f55\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u6765\u8bc1\u5b9e\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u4e3a\u53d6\u5f97\u5176\u7f16\u8f91\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u51fa\u8272\u6210\u7ee9\u800c\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_4-2-830x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8176\" width=\"474\" height=\"585\" srcset=\"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_4-2-830x1024.png 830w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_4-2-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_4-2-768x948.png 768w, https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tu_4-2.png 990w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\" \/><figcaption>\u56fe1 &nbsp;1842\u5e743\u67089\u65e5\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u81f4\u683c\u96f7\u00b7\u52b3\u6797(Gray Loring)\u7684\u4fe1<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u4e5f\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u3001\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u8bc1\u636e\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u77e5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u4efb\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u7f16\u8f91\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5f97\u77e5\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5979\u5f53\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4e86\u3002\u4e0e\u300a\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b(<em>Pennsylvania Freeman<\/em>\uff0c\u300a\u5916\u7701\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b<em>Provincial Freeman<\/em>\u7684\u547d\u540d\u4fbf\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u6b64)\u7684\u5408\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u5979\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e0a\u518d\u7248\u5f88\u591a\u300a\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u5408\u5e76\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c1842\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u5979\u5728\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d(\u89c1\u56fe1)\u5931\u671b\u5730\u8bf4:\u201c\u6211\u4e00\u70b9\u513f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u613f\u7ba1\u7406\u8fd9\u4efd\u62a5\u7eb8\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u516c\u6587\u671d\u6211\u8702\u62e5\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u81ea\u4ece\u4e0e\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b\u8054\u5408\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u88ab\u901a\u8baf\u6df9\u6ca1\u4e86\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u90fd\u662f\u666e\u666e\u901a\u901a\u7684\u4e8b\u513f\u3002\u201d\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5176\u8981\u6539\u5199\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u201c\u666e\u666e\u901a\u901a\u7684\u201d\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5979\u8fd8\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6539\u5199\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u201c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5927\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u3002\u5979\u8bf4\u5979\u5f88\u60f3\u817e\u70b9\u513f\u7a7a\u513f\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u793e\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u201c\u901a\u8baf\u201d\u7684\u201c\u6d2a\u6c34\u201d\u4f7f\u5979\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u7a7a\u513f\u3002\u5979\u5927\u58f0\u547c\u558a:\u201c\u6211\u5bb3\u6015\u7531\u4e8e\u5ffd\u7565\u800c\u4f24\u5bb3\u5230\u4e8b\u4e1a\u548c\u7eb8\u7684\u5229\u76ca!\u201d<sup>[35]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u7528\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\u3002\u666e\u666e\u901a\u901a\u7684\u901a\u8baf\u201c\u6d2a\u6c34\u201d\u6324\u8d70\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u63cf\u8ff0\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u4e5f\u76f8\u4fe1\u5979\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bfb\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e5f\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8111\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7cbe\u51c6\u5730\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u81ea\u79f0\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d88\u8017\uff0c\u5979\u5df2\u7ecf\u5199\u51fa\u201c\u8fd9\u4e09\u7bc7\u793e\u8bba\u201d\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u7bc7\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u5979\u7684\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u4ece\u672a\u5199\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5206\u6790\u90a3\u4e9b\u793e\u8bba\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u5bf9\u5979\u58f0\u79f0\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u6539\u5199\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u6211\u505a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u67e5\u8bbf\u7ebd\u7ea6\u516c\u5171\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u91cc\u7684\u624b\u7a3f\u548c\u6863\u6848\u90e8\u95e8(\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u5c31\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e8e\u6b64)\uff0c\u53cd\u590d\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5370\u5237\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u6240\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u548c\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u7684\u793e\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6307\u5411\u5979\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u4ee5\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u786e\u8ba4\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u5bf9\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e8b\u4e1a\u6240\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u52b3\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0071a1\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u4e8c\u3001\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u52b3\u52a8\u548c\u5b83\u5bf9\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u5317\u65b9\u4e4b\u661f\u300b1849\u5e743\u670823\u65e5\u90a3\u4e00\u671f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u53eb\u4f5c\u201c\u901a\u8baf\u201d(Communications)\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u8bfb\u8005\u63a2\u77e5\u77ed\u6682\u505c\u520a\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u3002\u90a3\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e0a\u58f0\u660e:\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u591a\u505a\u5c11\u8bf4\u3002\u201d\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u524d\u4e9b\u5e74\u95f4\u5e9f\u5974\u8fd0\u52a8\u7f3a\u5c11\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u201c\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u5927\u4f1a\u201d\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002<sup>[36]<\/sup>\u90a3\u5c01\u4fe1\u8fd8\u4e25\u5389\u5730\u6307\u8d23\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u201d\u628a\u65e0\u89c6\u5f53\u4f5c\u8d23\u4efb\u704c\u8f93\uff0c\u628a\u8ff7\u4fe1\u5f53\u4f5c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u704c\u8f93\uff0c\u4fe1\u7684\u6700\u540e\u8fd8\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba:\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u529f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u201d\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u4f20\u6388\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7b49\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u53bb\u505a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u7f72\u540d\u662f\u201cM.A.\u6c99\u5fb7\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u5b89\uff0c\u5979\u5c31\u4f4f\u5728\u7279\u62c9\u534e\u5dde\u7684\u5a01\u5c14\u660e\u987f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u6559\u5e08\u3002<sup>[37]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c31\u5728\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\u76841951\u5e74\uff0c\u6c99\u5fb7\u5c31\u542c\u4ece\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u201c\u591a\u505a\u5c11\u8bf4\u201d\uff0c\u79fb\u6c11\u53bb\u4e86\u52a0\u62ff\u5927;\u53c8\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u5979\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u30021854\u5e74\uff0c\u90a3\u4efd\u62a5\u7eb8\u521b\u520a\u4e24\u5468\u5e74\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u77e5\u5df1\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u65af\u8482\u5c14(William Still)\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5979\u6240\u6295\u8eab\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u9700\u8981\u5404\u79cd\u52aa\u529b:\u201c\u5728\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e0a\u4f60\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u8981\u5e94\u5bf9\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u6000\u7591\u540c\u65f6\u5145\u4efb\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u53d1\u884c\u4eba\u548c\u8d22\u52a1\u5c97\u4f4d\u9700\u8981\u591a\u5c11\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u201d<sup>[38]<\/sup>\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8fc7\u5979\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4efd\u62a5\u7eb8\u80fd\u591f\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u6c99\u5fb7\u62c5\u5f53\u4e86\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u628a\u540d\u5b57\u9192\u76ee\u5730\u5370\u5728\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u520a\u5934\u4e0a\u7684\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6c99\u5fb7\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u8303\u56f4\u8fd9\u4e48\u5e7f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5ba1\u89c6\u7528\u4e0a\u8ff0\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u751f\u6210\u7684\u3001\u4e0e\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b\u8054\u7cfb\u6700\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48(\u88684)\u3002\u6700\u4e0a\u9762\u7684T57\u548cT8\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5f3a\u70c8\u5730\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7126\u70b9\u3002\u7f57\u5179\u4e5f\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e86\u6b64\u70b9\u3002\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u9760\u4e0b\u7684\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e3b\u9898T26\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u95ee\u9898:\u201c\u53e4\u5df4\u201d\u548c\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u201d\u90fd\u4f4d\u5217\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bcd(\u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e0b\u88681\u6240\u5217\u7684\u5360\u636e\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u4e0e\u8054\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u8fd0\u884c\u76f8\u5173)\u3002\u4e0e\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e3b\u9898T43\u3001T0\u4ee5\u53caT25(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u4efb\u804c\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u88683\u91cc\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86)\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5bf9\u79fb\u6c11\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u683c\u5916\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0e\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u6c99\u5fb7\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002T43\u548cT56\u90fd\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6c99\u5fb7\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ed3\u5408\u5979\u7684\u519c\u6751\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u4efb\u7f16\u8f91\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u98df\u8c31\u4e3b\u9898T70\uff0c\u4e5f\u76f8\u5f53\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5bf9\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u4efb\u804c\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e3b\u9898\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u9898\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u66f4\u4f4e\u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u975e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8c28\u614e\u7ba1\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u62a5\u7eb8\u65e2\u8981\u9762\u5411\u672c\u5730\u7684\u548c\u533a\u57df\u7684\u53d7\u4f17\uff0c\u53c8\u8981\u80fd\u4fc3\u6210\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u8fbe\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5bf9\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u573a\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e89\u593a\u6218\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6050\u6015\u662f\u5728\u6700\u80fd\u523b\u753b\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u53ca\u5176\u5e9f\u9664\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4e3b\u9898(\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u88681\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e3b\u9898)\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0e\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86\u672c\u6587\u5f00\u5934\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u65af\u62dc\u8036\u6240\u505a\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u9ed1\u4eba\u51fa\u7248\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u505a\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\u00b7\u798f\u65af\u7279\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u975e\u88d4\u4eba\u201d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u201c\u5229\u7528\u51fa\u7248\u6587\u5316\u6765\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u91cd\u5851\u6210\u975e\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5e76\u5efa\u8bbe\u975e\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u3002<sup>[39]<\/sup>\u800c\u5bf9\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u5206\u6790\u8fd8\u4e3a\u6b64\u8bba\u8bc1\u8d21\u732e\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\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Text<\/em>)\u4e0a\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u548c\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u975e\u6d32\u4eba\u5927\u79fb\u5c45\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6770\u897f\u5361\u00b7\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u8981\u5bc6\u5207\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u9886\u57df\u4e0e\u6301\u7eed\u81f3\u4eca\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u8bba\u8ff0\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6597\u4e89\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u88ab\u79cd\u65cf\u5316\u4e3a\u9ed1\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6597\u4e89\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u7531\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6597\u4e89\u4e5f\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u548c\u521b\u9020\u5305\u5bb9\u7684\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6761\u4ef6\u6765\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5f97\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6597\u4e89\u4e0e\u6570\u5b57\u5b66\u672f\u5177\u6709\u53d8\u9769\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7ad9\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<sup>[41]<\/sup>\u5bf9\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u5206\u6790\u4e3a\u6c99\u5fb7\u53c2\u4e0e\u6784\u5efa\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u89e3\u653e\u5de5\u7a0b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u6c99\u5fb7\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u8eab\u4efd(activist credentials)\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u88ab\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5979\u63d0\u5021\u79fb\u5c45\u56fd\u5916\u800c\u975e\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u5f00\u59cb\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0e\u8521\u5c14\u5fb7\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5979\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6784\u5efa\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd8\u56e0\u4e3a\u5979\u662f\u5973\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5979\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u900f\u955c\u7684\u6298\u5c04\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u6c99\u5fb7\u5177\u6709\u8fdc\u89c1\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u5de5\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u56de\u5230\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bba\u9898\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0e\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5c31\u662fT29(\u88684)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0b\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u5c31\u662f<strong>\u52b3\u52a8<\/strong>(<em>labor<\/em>)\u3002\u5728\u6211\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u6fc0\u8d77\u4e86\u6211\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0f\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u628a\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u7ae0(\u7565\u591a\u4e8e5,000\u7bc7)\u6309\u7167\u6bcf\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5305\u542b\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\u6392\u5e8f\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u6392\u5e8f\u9760\u524d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5927\u90fd\u4e0e\u52a1\u519c\u7684\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u6709\u5173(\u5bf9\u52a1\u519c\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u5173\u8054\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u6765)\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u901a\u8bfb\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u9760\u524d\u7684\u51e0\u767e\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6211\u78b0\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u7f57\u5179\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u66fe\u63d0\u793a\u6211\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u2014\u20141855\u5e746\u670830\u65e5\u6c99\u5fb7\u7684\u544a\u522b\u793e\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c99\u5fb7\u8bf4\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a:\u5979\u5f3a\u70c8\u5730\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u62a5\u7eb8\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u5979\u5f97\u505a\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u3002<sup>[42]<\/sup>\u5979\u81ea\u5df1\u9648\u8ff0\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u5979\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u804c\u8d23\u5e26\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u5979\u7684\u6027\u522b\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u653e\u5927\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5979\u81ea\u8c6a\u5730\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u201c\u6240\u6709\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u6709\u8272\u5973\u6027\u201d\u7684\u201c\u7f16\u8f91\u4e4b\u8def\u7834\u4e86\u51b0\u201d\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u63a9\u9970\u5979\u4e3a\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5979\u5199\u9053:\u9664\u4e86\u201c\u5206\u62c5\u8fc7\u5979\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u201d\u7684\u5f1f\u5ab3\u963f\u7c73\u8389\u5a05(Amelia)\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5979\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u662f\u201c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u5973\u6027\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u4e4b\u6297\u4e89\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\u201d\u3002<sup>[43]<\/sup>\u5979\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0e\u5979\u56e0\u5f3a\u786c\u6709\u529b\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u98ce\u683c\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u6279\u8bc4\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u51e0\u53e5\u8bdd\u9644\u548c\u4e86\u5f53\u6708\u65e9\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u5728\u90a3\u4efd\u5305\u542b\u52b3\u52a8\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5217\u8868\u6392\u5e8f\u4e5f\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u793e\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u793e\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c99\u5fb7\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u6027\u522b\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u201d\u5f97\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u63cf\u8ff0\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u82e6\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u522b\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u201c\u613f\u610f\u627f\u62c5\u201d(put their shoulder to the wheel)\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002<sup>[44]<\/sup>\u5c31\u50cf\u5979\u7684\u544a\u522b\u793e\u8bba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efd\u58f0\u660e\u4e5f\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6c99\u5fb7\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4efd\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u660e\u663e\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u611f\u60c5\u4e0a\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4efd\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u8fd8\u6709\u5bf9\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u653e\u5927\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u628a\u6c99\u5fb7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u4ee3\u4ef7\u4e0e\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8054\u7cfb\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6c99\u5fb7\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e5f\u7b26\u5408\u5bf9\u8587\u8587\u5b89\u00b7\u6885<sup>[45]<\/sup>\u3001\u683c\u857e\u4e1d\u00b7\u5eb7<sup>[46]<\/sup>\u3001\u8a79\u59ae\u5f17\u00b7\u7eb3\u4ec0<sup>[47]<\/sup>\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5173\u5b66\u8005\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u9884\u671f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u65e9\u5df2\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\uff0c\u201c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u9879\u76ee\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u957f\u671f\u7684\u667a\u529b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u52b3\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u4ee3\u4ef7\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<sup>[48]<\/sup>\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52b3\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u547d\u540d\u548c\u5f52\u5c5e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52b3\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u50cf\u8fd9\u4e24\u7bc7\u793e\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u6709\u5370\u5237\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684;\u800c\u53e6\u5916\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u50cf\u6c99\u5fb7\u8d1f\u8d23\u90a3\u4efd\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u8fdc\u975e\u90a3\u4e48\u5bb9\u6613\u5bdf\u89c9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0071a1\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u4e09\u3001\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u798f\u65af\u7279\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u9ed1\u4eba\u5370\u5237\u6587\u5316\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u8bba\u6587\uff0c<sup>[49]<\/sup>\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5979\u8bba\u8bc1\u652f\u6301\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u53e6\u4e00\u4efd\u671f\u520a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027:\u300a\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u5b9d\u5e93\u300b(\u4e0b\u79f0\u300a\u5b9d\u5e93\u300b\uff0c<em>The Repository of Religion and Literature and of Science and Art<\/em>)\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8bb0\u5f55\u62a5\u300b(<em>The Christian Recorder<\/em>)\u7684\u59ca\u59b9\u520a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u6790\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u628a\u5370\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u671f\u300a\u5b9d\u5e93\u300b\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7248\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u672c\u62bd\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u9648\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u63d0\u4f9b\u6570\u636e\u201d\u3002<sup>[50]<\/sup>\u798f\u65af\u72792005\u5e74\u5199\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u65f6\uff0c\u628a\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u9610\u91ca\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u300a\u5b9d\u5e93\u300b\u53d1\u884c\u662f\u5e26\u6709\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u88ab\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u76f4\u81f3\u672a\u6765\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u628a\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u4ece\u201c\u672a\u6765\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u201c\u6570\u636e\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u8ba9\u300a\u5b9d\u5e93\u300b\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528:\u901a\u8fc7\u628a\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u6e90\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u91cd\u5851\u51fa\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u300a\u5b9d\u5e93\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u4eec\u6240\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728150\u591a\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5bf9\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u62a5\u7eb8\u8fdb\u884c\u4e3b\u9898\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6c99\u5fb7\u5728\u5979\u7684\u544a\u522b\u793e\u8bba\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u8fdb\u884c\u91cf\u5316\u5206\u6790\u6709\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5f62\u5f0f\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u81f4\u656c\u6240\u6709\u4e3a\u521b\u9020\u6587\u5316\u8bb0\u5f55\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u548c\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u6c99\u5fb7\u5bf9\u5979\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u52b3\u52a8\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u592a\u8fc7\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u5ffd\u7565\u6027\u522b\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u800c\u540c\u65f6\u5973\u6027\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u88ab\u5c11\u6570\u5316\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u4e5f\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6784\u6210\u3002<sup>[51]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8f6c\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u8bc1\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u6027\u522b\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u6570\u636e\u6982\u5ff5\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5171\u5efa(coconstruction)\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5171\u5efa\u6b63\u662f\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8d56\u4ee5\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<sup>[52]<\/sup>\u5982\u679c\u628a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5176\u53d1\u751f\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6b32\u671b\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u6570\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u8ddf\u5bf9\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u6570\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u628a\u4eba\u6309\u7167\u6027\u522b\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u6570\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3002<sup>[53]<\/sup>\u8ba1\u6570\u4e0e\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u652f\u914d\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e5f\u662f\u5206\u4e0d\u5f00\u7684\u3002<sup>[54]<\/sup>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bfb\u6c42\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u7136\u9700\u8981\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u53d7\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e4b\u91cd\u538b\u8feb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5e94\u8be5\u62d2\u7edd\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u6311\u6218\u5728\u4e8e\u4eec\u8981\u6700\u597d\u5730\u8fd0\u7528\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u6765\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u538b\u8feb\u6027\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6297\u4e89\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053(\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f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style=\"color:#0071a1\" class=\"has-inline-color\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0272a2\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Dimensions of Scale: Invisible Labor, Editorial Work, and the Future of Quantitative Literary Studies<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lauren F. Klein<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Abstract:&nbsp;<\/strong>This essay takes the editorial labor by Mary Ann Shadd (1823-1893), a Canadian black woman abolitionist and educator, and by Lydia Maria Child (1802-1880), an American white woman abolitionist as objects of study, in order to explore on the degree of visibility of labor as traced from written records. The two examples of woman editors focus on the point of invisible labor, which has close relation to the deployment of quantitative analysis in literary studies. Quantitative methods are used to compare the contents of newspapers that Shadd and Child edited to show how women took editorial work as methods of construction as well as of staging possible worlds. Topic modelling and statistical analysis are taken to evidence how newspapers as corpus record various forms of labor: physical, emotional and intellectual. The example of editorial work is illustrating to the use of analyzing labor through quantitative methods, and to the use of quantitative methods in literary studies in a broader framework of concepts, the latter of which is defined through distance, visibility and dimensions to be named by future scholars. The essay suggests a co-construction process of concepts of data and those of race and gender.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Keywords:&nbsp;<\/strong>Quantitative Methods; Literary Studies; Invisible Labor; Topic Modelling; Editorial Work<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:#0071a1\" class=\"has-inline-color\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">\u7f16&nbsp;\u8f91&nbsp; | \u59dc\u6587\u6d9b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-text-align-left is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u672c\u6587\u8bd1\u81ea:LaurenF.Klein\u201c, DimensionsofScale:InvisibleLabor,EditorialWork,andtheFutureofQuantitativeLiterary Studies,\u201dPMLA, vol. 135, no.1, 2020, published by the Modern Language Association of America MLA, pp.23-39\u3002<\/p><p>\u611f\u8c22\u4f5c\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u56fdMLA\u51fa\u7248\u7684PMLA\u6742\u5fd7\u6388\u4e88\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u53ca\u5728\u672c\u671f\u520a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u7248\u6743\u3002\u672c\u6587\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u6211\u4e0e\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u00b7\u827e\u68ee\u65af\u5766(Jacob Eisenstein)\u65e9\u5e74\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u672c\u6587\u5960\u4e0b\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u65e0\u6570\u8349\u7a3f\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u5219\u4f7f\u672c\u6587\u663e\u8457\u5730\u6e05\u6670\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8428\u5229\u00b7\u963f\u5c14\u7279\u8212\u52d2(Sari Altschuler)\u3001 \u8428\u62c9\u00b7\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u4f0d\u5fb7(Sarah Blackwood)\u3001\u5a1c\u5854\u8389\u4e9a\u00b7\u5207\u5947\u96f7(Natalia Cecire)\u3001\u745e\u6069\u00b7\u67ef\u4ee3\u5c14(Ryan Cordell)\u3001\u5c3c\u54c8\u5fb7\u00b7\u6cd5\u6d1b\u53ef(Nihad Farooq)\u3001\u9a6c\u4fee\u00b7K.\u9ad8\u5c14\u5fb7(Matthew K. Gold)\u3001\u7c73\u8389\u4e9a\u59c6\u00b7\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3(Miriam Posner)\u3001\u8096\u00b7\u62c9\u7c73\u96f7\u5179(Shawn Ramirez)\u3001\u4e9a\u4f26\u00b7\u6851\u7279\u7d22(Aaron Santesso)\u3001\u5409\u62c9\u00b7\u8212\u52d2(Kyla Schuller)\u3001\u7279\u5fb7\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u4f0d\u5fb7(Ted Underwood)\u3001\u5361\u4f26\u00b7\u536b\u56e0\u5609\u767b(Karen Weingarten)\u548c\u683c\u96f7\u683c\u00b7\u8f9b\u66fc(Greg Zinman)\u4e5f\u4e3a\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u6211\u8fd8\u8981\u611f\u8c22\u83ab\u8389\u00b7\u5965\u54c8\u6839\u00b7\u54c8\u4ee3(Molly O&#8217;Hagan Hardy)\u548c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u5965\u683c\u65af\u7279(Thomas Augst)\u30022015\u5e74\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u7269\u534f\u4f1a(American Antiquarian Society)\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u6587\u7269\u5927\u4f1a(Digital Antiquarian Conference)\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u6211\u5199\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u30022017\u5e74Keystone\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u5927\u4f1a\u548c2018\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u672a\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u6240(Futures of American Studies Institute)\u7ed9\u6211\u673a\u4f1a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4fee\u6539\u63d0\u5347\u6211\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u7ebd\u7ea6\u516c\u5171\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u5170\u519c(Thomas Lannon)\u4e3a\u6211\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u7684\u6863\u6848\u534f\u52a9\u3002\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u5927\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee(the Colored Conventions Project)\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u672c\u6587\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002                                                            \u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u8005\u539f\u6ce8<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[1]\u77ed\u8bed\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u201d(unexpected place)\u610f\u6307Eric Gardner,&nbsp;<em>Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth Century African American Literature<\/em>, Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 2009\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u786e\u7acb\u9ed1\u4eba\u51fa\u7248\u4e8b\u4e1a\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[2]\u6c99\u5fb71856\u5e74\u4e0e\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7F.\u5361\u91cc(Thomas F. Cary)\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5979\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u5b89\u00b7\u6c99\u5fb7\u00b7\u5361\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[3]Megan Specia\u201c, Overlooked No More: How Mary Ann Shadd Cary Shook Up the Abolitionist Movement,\u201d&nbsp;<em>The New York Times<\/em>, June 6, 2018, www.nytimes.com\/2018\/06\/06\/obituaries\/mary-ann-shadd-cary- abolitionist-overlooked.html.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[4]\u5173\u4e8e\u6c99\u5fb7\u4e0e\u533f\u540d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1JimCasey\u201c, ParsingtheSpecialCharactersofAfricanAmericanPrintCulture: Mary Ann Shadd Cary and the Limits of Search,\u201d<em>Against a Sharp White Background: Infrastructures of African American Print<\/em>, eds. Brigitte Fielder, Jonathan Senchyne, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2019, pp. 109\u2013128\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[5]\u201cApology,\u201d<em>Provincial Freeman<\/em>, March 24, 1854, Accessible Archives, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.accessible.com\/accessible\/ docButton?AAWhat=builtPage&amp;AAWhere=PROVINCIALFREEMAN.FR1854032409.26160&amp;AABeanName=t oc3&amp;AANextPage=\/printBrowseBuiltPage.jsp.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www.accessible.com\/accessible\/ docButton?AAWhat=builtPage&amp;AAWhere=PROVINCIALFREEMAN.FR1854032409.26160&amp;AABeanName=t oc3&amp;AANextPage=\/printBrowseBuiltPage.jsp.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[6]Jane Rhodes,&nbsp;<em>Mary Ann Shadd Cary: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century<\/em>, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998, p. 74.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[7]\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u65af(Daniels)\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u4ece\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u63cf\u8ff0\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u751f\u80b2\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u751f\u80b2\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u83f2\u5fb7\u91cc\u5947(Federici)\u5728\u5979\u5bf9\u201c\u4e3a\u5bb6\u52a1\u52b3\u52a8\u4ed8\u85aa\u201d\u8fd0\u52a8(The Movement Wages for Housework)\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u624d\u6e05\u6670\u9610\u53d1\u7684\u3002\u5728\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u53d7\u60e0\u4e8e\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u4f0d\u5fb7(Blackwood)\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5979\u628a\u7f16\u8f91\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u80b2\u52b3\u52a8:\u7167\u770b\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u8457\u4f5c\u5982\u4e0b:Daniels Arlene Kaplan\u201c, Invisible Work,\u201d<em>Social Problems<\/em>, vol. 35, no. 5, December 1987, pp. 403- 415; Silvia Federici,&nbsp;<em>Wages against Housework<\/em>, Montpelier: Power of Women Collective and Falling Water Press, 1975; Sarah Blackwood\u201c, Editing as Carework: The Gendered Labor of Public Intellectuals,\u201d<em>Avidly<\/em>, Jun 6, 2014, avidly.lareviewofbooks.org\/2014\/06\/06\/editing-as-carework-the-gendered-labor-of-public- intellectuals\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[8]\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e5f\u96c7\u4f63\u2014\u2014\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fd8\u6709\u5974\u5f79\u2014\u2014\u522b\u7684\u5973\u6027\u6765\u505a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bba\u65ad\u4e2d\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Angela Davis,&nbsp;<em>Women, Race, and Class<\/em>, New York: Random House, 1983, pp. 222-244\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[9]\u8f6c\u5f15\u81eaCarolyn L. Karcher,&nbsp;<em>The First Woman of the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child<\/em>, London: Duke University Press, 1994, p. 271\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[10]Xiomara Santamarina,&nbsp;<em>Belabored Professions: Narratives of African American Working Women<\/em>, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005, p.11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6c99\u5fb7\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7f57\u5179(Rhodes)\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u201c\u5317\u65b9\u9ed1\u4eba\u7cbe\u82f1\u201d\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5979\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u4f9d\u7136\u9971\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\u3001\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u4e0e\u8d2b\u7a77\u3001\u7fa4\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u548c\u505a\u6597\u4e89(Xiomara Santamarina,&nbsp;<em>Belabored Professions<\/em>, p.15)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[11]\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u62b1\u6028\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Sara Ahmed,\u201cFeminist Complaint,\u201d<em>Feministkilljoys<\/em>, December 5, 2014, feministkilljoys.com\/2014\/12\/05\/complaint\/\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[12]Carla L. Peterson,&nbsp;<em>\u201cDoers of the Word\u201d: African-American Women Speakers and Writers in the North<\/em>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[13]Pier Gabrielle Foreman,&nbsp;<em>Activist Sentiments: Reading Black Women in the Nineteenth Century<\/em>, Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[14]Manisha Sinha,&nbsp;<em>The Slave&#8217;s Cause: A History of Abolition<\/em>, London: Yale University Press, 2016.[15]\u5728\u6b64\u6211\u548c\u65af\u62dc\u8036(Spire)\u4e00\u6837\u53c2\u8003\u4e86\u798f\u65af\u7279(Foster)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f7c\u5f97\u68ee(Peterson)\u3001\u798f\u5c14\u66fc(Foreman)\u6839\u57fa\u6027\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u5bf9\u9ed1\u4eba\u51fa\u7248\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u6709\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8fd8\u6709\u52a0\u5fb7\u7eb3(Gardner)\u3001\u8d39\u6839(Fagan)\u3001\u51ef\u897f(Casey)\u3001\u79d1\u6069(Cohen)\u548c\u65af\u5766\u56e0(Stein)\u3001\u8d39\u5c14\u5fb7(Fielder)\u548c\u6851\u6070\u56e0(Senchyne)\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u8457\u4f5c\u5982\u4e0b:Frances Smith Foster,\u201cA Narrative of the Interesting Origins and (Somewhat) Surprising Developments of African-American Print Culture,\u201d<em>American Literary History<\/em>, vol. 17, no. 4, Winter 2005, pp. 714\u2013740; Eric Gardner,&nbsp;<em>Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth Century African American Literature<\/em>, Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 2009; Benjamin Fagan,&nbsp;<em>The Black Newspaper and the Chosen Nation<\/em>, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2016; Jim Casey,\u201cParsing the Special Characters,&#8221; pp. 109\u2013 128; Lara Langer Cohen and Jordan Alexander Stein,&nbsp;<em>Early African American Print Culture<\/em>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012; Brigitte Fielder and Jonathan Senchyne,&nbsp;<em>Against a Sharp White Background: Infrastructures of African American Print<\/em>, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[16]Derrick R. Spires,&nbsp;<em>The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States<\/em>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019, p. 17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[17]Ted Underwood,&nbsp;<em>Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change<\/em>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019, pp. 11, 21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[18]Ted Underwood,&nbsp;<em>Distant Horizons<\/em>, pp. 11, 21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[19]\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u201c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u591a\u5143\u7684\u3001\u4ea4\u53c9\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Catherine D&#8217;Ignazio and Lauren F. Klein,&nbsp;<em>Data Feminism<\/em>, 2020\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[20]Donna Haraway\u201c, Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective,\u201d<em>Feminist Studies<\/em>, vol. 14, no. 3, Autumn 1988, pp. 575-599.[21]\u6b63\u5982\u5965\u82ac(Offen)\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d(feminism)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u57281890\u5e74\u4ee3\u624d\u6d41\u884c\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u6d41\u884c;\u76f4\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u6f02\u8fc7\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u3002\u53c2\u89c1Karen Offen,\u201cDefining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach,\u201d<em>Signs<\/em>, vol. 14, no. 1, Autumn 1988, pp. 119\u2013157\u3002[22]\u65e9\u57282011\u5e74\uff0c\u67cf\u96f7(Bailey)\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\u201c\u5728\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3(Posner)\u3001\u8bfa\u7ef4\u65af\u57fa(Nowviskie)\u3001\u7f57\u8fea(Rhody)\u3001\u514b\u83b1\u95e8\u7279(Clement)\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a(Johnson)\u5206\u522b\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u672a\u80fd\u4e0e\u5173\u4e8e\u6027\u522b\u3001\u6027\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u8499\u4ee3\u5c14(Mandell)\u3001\u9ea6\u514b\u683c\u745e\u65af(McGrath)\u548c\u82cf\u771f(So)\u7b49\u90fd\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ecb\u5165\u6b64\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u6682\u65f6\u7684\u3002Moya Z. Bailey,\u201cAll the Digital Humanists Are White, All the Nerds Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave,\u201d<em>Journal of Digital Humanities<\/em>, vol. 1, no. 1, Winter 2011, journalofdigitalhumanities.org\/1-1\/all-the-digital-humanists-are-white-all-the-nerds-are-men-but-some-of- us-are-brave-by-moya-z-bailey\/; Miriam Posner\u201c, Some Things to Think about Before You Exhort Everyone to Code,\u201dMiriam Posner&#8217;s Blog, February 29, 2012, miriamposner.com\/blog\/some-things-to-think-about- before-you-exhort-everyone-to-code\/; Bethany Nowviskie,\u201cWhat Do Girls Dig?,\u201din Matthew K. Gold ed.,&nbsp;<em>Debates in the Digital Humanities<\/em>, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012, pp. 235\u2013240; Lisa Rhody,\u201cWhy I Dig: Feminist Approaches to Text Analysis,\u201din Matthew K. Gold and Lauren F. Klein eds.,&nbsp;<em>Debates in the Digital Humanities 2016<\/em>, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016, pp. 536\u2013540; Tanya Clement,\u201cThe Ground Truth of DH Text Mining,\u201din Matthew K. Gold and Lauren F. Klein eds.,&nbsp;<em>Debates in the Digital Humanities 2016<\/em>, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016, pp. 534\u2013536; Jessica Marie Johnson,\u201cThe Digital in the Humanities,\u201dInterview conducted by Marie Dinsman,&nbsp;<em>Los Angeles Review of Books<\/em>, July 23, 2016, lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/digital-humanities-interview-jessica- marie-johnson\/; Laura Mandell,\u201cGender and Cultural Analytics: Finding or Making Stereotypes?,\u201din Matthew K. Gold and Lauren F. Klein eds.,&nbsp;<em>Debates in the Digital Humanities 2019<\/em>, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2019, pp. 3\u201326; Laura McGrath,\u201cComping White,\u201d<em>Los Angeles Review of Books<\/em>, January 21, 2019, lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/comping-white\/; Richard Jean so et al.,\u201cRace, Writing, and Computation: Racial Difference and the US Novel, 1880\u20132000,\u201d<em>Journal of Cultural Analytics<\/em>, January 11, 2019, culturalanalytics.org\/2019\/01\/race-writing-and-computation-racial-difference-and-the-us- novel-1880-2000\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[23]Mary Ann Shadd,\u201cWilmington, Jan. 25, 1849,\u201d<em>The North Star<\/em>, March 23, 1849, Accessible Archives,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.accessible.com\/accessible\/print?AADocList=1&amp;AADocStyle=&amp;AAStyleFile=&amp;AABeanName=toc1&amp;A ANextPage=\/printFullDocFromXML.jsp&amp;AACheck=4.1.1.1.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> www.accessible.com\/accessible\/print?AADocList=1&amp;AADocStyle=&amp;AAStyleFile=&amp;AABeanName=toc1&amp;A ANextPage=\/printFullDocFromXML.jsp&amp;AACheck=4.1.1.1.1<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[24]Lydia Maria Child,\u201cFarewell,\u201d<em>National Anti-Slavery Standard<\/em>, May 4, 1843, p. 190, Accessible Archives, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.accessible-archives.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www.accessible-archives.com\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[25]Meredith McGill,&nbsp;<em>American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834\u20131853<\/em>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[26]\u5173\u4e8e\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1 Andrew Goldstone, Ted Underwood\u201c, The Quiet Transformations of Literary Studies: What Thirteen Thousand Scholars Could Tell Us,\u201d<em>New Literary History<\/em>, vol. 45, no. 3, Summer 2014, pp. 359\u2013384\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[27]\u5173\u4e8e\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1 Jeffrey Binder\u201c, Alien Reading: Text Mining, Language Standardization, and the Humanities,\u201din Matthew K. Gold and Lauren F. Klein eds.,&nbsp;<em>Debates in the Digital Humanities 2016<\/em>, Chicago: University of Minnesota Press, 2016, pp. 201\u2013217\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[28]Lisa Rhody,\u201cTopic Modeling and Figurative Language,\u201d<em>Journal of Digital Humanities<\/em>, vol. 2, no. 1, Winter 2012, journalofdigitalhumanities.org\/2-1\/topic-modeling-and-figurative-language-by-lisa-m-rhody\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[29]Rachel Buurma,\u201cThe Fictionality of Topic Modeling: Machine Reading Anthony Trollope&#8217;s Barsetshire Series,\u201d<em>Big Data and Society<\/em>, 2015, pp. 1\u20136.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[30]Jo Guldi,\u201cParliament&#8217;s Debate about Infrastructure: An Exercise in Using Dynamic Topic Models to Synthesize Historical Change,\u201d<em>Technology and Culture<\/em>, vol. 60, no. 1, January 2019, pp. 1\u201333; Andrew Goldstone, Ted Underwood\u201c, The Quiet Transformations of Literary Studies,\u201dpp. 359\u2013384.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[31]\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5f88\u91cd\u8981:\u5927\u591a\u6570\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u2014\u2014\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u62bd\u6837\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u6211\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd9 \u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u6cd5\u6f5c\u5728\u72c4\u5229\u514b\u96f7\u5206\u5e03(LDA)\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Ted Underwood,\u201cTopic Modeling Made Just Simple Enough,\u201d<em>The Stone and the Shell<\/em>, April 7, 2012, tedunderwood.com\/2012\/04\/07\/topic-modeling-made- just-simple-enough\/\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[32]Nan Z. Da,\u201cThe Computational Case against Computational Literary Studies,\u201d<em>Critical Inquiry<\/em>, vol. 45, no. 3, Spring 2019, p. 625.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[33]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62a5\u520a\u5305\u62ec:\u300a\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u6708\u62a5\u300b(<em>Douglass&#8217; Monthly<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u00b7\u83b1\u65af\u8389\u5468\u62a5\u300b(<em>Frank Leslie&#8217;s Weekly<\/em>)\u3001 \u300a\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u62a5\u300b(<em>Frederick Douglass&#8217; Paper<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u62a5\u300b(<em>Freedom&#8217;s Journal<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u683c\u8fea\u5973\u58eb \u56fe\u4e66\u300b(<em>Godey&#8217;s Lady&#8217;s Book<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53cd\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u65d7\u5e1c\u62a5\u300b(<em>National Anti-Slavery Standard<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u5916\u7701\u7684\u81ea\u7531 \u6c11\u300b(<em>The Provincial Freeman<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8bb0\u5f55\u300b(<em>The Christian Recorder<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u300b(<em>The Colored American<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u89e3\u653e\u8005\u300b(<em>The Liberator<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u767e\u5408\u300b(<em>The Lily<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b(<em>The National Era<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u5317\u65b9\u4e4b\u661f\u300b(T<em>he North Star<\/em>)\u3001\u300a\u9f13\u5439\u5468\u520a\u300b(<em>The Weekly Advocate<\/em>)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u662f2014\u5e7411\u6708\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005Accessible Archives\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4ed8\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u8bb8\u53ef\u534f\u8bae\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u6211\u88ab\u8bb8\u53ef\u4eceAccessible Archives Web\u7f51\u7ad9\u6252\u53d6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62a5\u7eb8(\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5143\u6570\u636e)\u7684HTMl\u6587\u672c\u3002\u8d77\u521d\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u662f\u6211\u4e0e\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u00b7\u827e\u68ee\u65af\u5766\u56e0(Jacob Eisenstein)\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\u4e0e\u5143\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u89c6\u5316(TOME)\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u662f\u7531\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u8865\u52a9\u91d1NEH\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u652f\u6301\u7684\uff0c\u7f16\u53f7#HD-51705-13\uff0c\u4e8e2015\u5e74\u7ed3\u9898\u3002\u57282017\u5e74\u52302018\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u548c\u5c3c\u57fa\u5854\u00b7\u5df4\u74e6(Nikita Bawa)\u3001\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u6d77\u534e\u5fb7(Adam Hayward)\u4e24\u4f4d\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\uff0c\u4fee\u6b63\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u8f6c\u5199\u548c\u7f16\u7801\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5e76\u751f\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u5b66\u751f\u8fd8\u548c\u4e24\u4f4d\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u4ea4\u4e92\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u5361\u6d1b\u7433\u00b7\u798f\u65af\u7279\u3001\u6469\u6839\u00b7\u5965\u5170\u5409\u4e00\u8d77\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6211\u548c\u827e\u68ee\u65af\u5766\u56e0\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684TOME\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63a2\u7d22\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u7f29\u5c0f\u4e86\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u53ea\u5305\u62ec\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e1827\u5e74\u52301865\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u5f97\u5230\u4e86224,160\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u6570(83.5%)\u90fd\u662f\u660e\u786e\u5730\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u5e9f\u5974\u7684\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u5199\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u672c\u6587\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5206\u6790\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86Gensim\u5411\u91cf\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u4e3b\u9898\u6a21\u578b\u5e93\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u5c01\u88c5\u5668\u6765\u5bf9LDA\u8fdb\u884cMALLET\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u767e\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u53c8(\u4ece\u603b\u5171\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u591a\u4e00\u70b9\u513f\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\u4e2d)\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6389\u4e94\u5341\u4e2a\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u751f\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u767e\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u6211\u5c06\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u751f\u6210\u4e3b\u9898\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5730\u5740\u627e\u5230github.com\/laurenfklein\/dimensions-of-scale\/\u3002\u5982\u8981\u4f7f\u7528TOME\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u63a2\u7d22\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95eetome.lmc.gatech.edu\u3002\u5173\u4e8eTOME\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Lauren F. Klein, Jacob Eisenstein, and Iris Sun,\u201cExploratory Thematic Analysis for Historical Newspaper Archives,\u201d<em>Digital Scholarship in the Humanities<\/em>, vol. 30, no. 1, December 2015, pp. 130\u2013141; Adam Hayward et al.,\u201cTOME: A Topic Modeling Tool for Document Discovery and Exploration,\u201d<em>Digital Humanities 2018<\/em>, Association of Digital Humanities Organizations, 2018, dh2018.adho.org\/tome-a-topic- modeling-tool-for-document-discovery-and-exploration\/\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[34]Lydia Maria Child\u201c, Farewell,\u201dpp. 190\u2013191.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[35]Lydia Maria Child,&nbsp;<em>Letter to Ellis Gray Loring<\/em>, March 9, 1842, Manuscripts and Archives Division, Manuscript Collection 532, New York Public Library.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[36]\u8bbd\u523a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u4e00\u4f4d\u82f1\u56fd\u767d\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5c24\u5229\u5a05\u00b7\u683c\u91cc\u83f2\u65af\u5c31\u4e0d\u7559\u540d\u5730\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5979\u662f\u90a3\u4e00\u5e74\u4e94\u6708\u5230\u7f57\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u7684\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Janet Douglas,\u201cA Cherished Friendship: Julia Griffiths Crofts and Frederick Douglass,\u201d<em>Slavery and Abolition<\/em>, vol. 33, no. 2, 2012, pp. 265\u2013274\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[37]Mary Ann Shadd,\u201cWilmington,\u201dAccessible Archives, www.accessible.com\/accessible\/print?AA DocList=1&amp;AADocStyle=&amp;AAStyleFile=&amp;AABeanName=toc1&amp;AANextPage=\/printFullDocFromXML. jsp&amp;AACheck=4.1.1.1.1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[38]\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea&nbsp;Jane Rhodes,&nbsp;<em>Mary Ann Shadd Cary : The Black Press<\/em>, pp. 97-98\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[39]Frances Smith Foster\u201c, A Narrative,\u201dp. 715.[40]\u5f3a\u8c03\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u5728\u5e9f\u9664\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u5927\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u5bfb\u6c42\u627f\u8ba4\u5973\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u5927\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u5979\u4eec\u5374\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u5927\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u7559\u540d\u3002\u53c2\u89c1:&nbsp;\u201cColored Convention Project Principles,\u201d<em>Colored Conventions: Bringing Nineteenth-Century Black Organizing to Digital Life<\/em>, coloredconventions.org\/ccp-principles\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[41]Jessica Marie Johnson,\u201cMarkup Bodies: Black [Life] Studies and Slavery [Death] Studies at the Digital Crossroads,\u201d<em>Social Text<\/em>, vol. 36, no. 4, 2018, p. 58.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[42]Jane Rhodes,&nbsp;<em>Mary Ann Shadd Cary: The Black Press<\/em>, pp. 70-99.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[43]Mary Ann Shadd,\u201cAdieu,\u201d<em>Provincial Freeman<\/em>, June 30, 1855, Accessible Archives, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.accessible. com\/accessible\/docButton?AAWhat=builtPage&amp;AAWhere=PROVINCIALFREEMAN.FR1855063021.28505 &amp;AABeanName=toc3&amp;AANextPage=\/printBrowseBuiltPage.jsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www.accessible. com\/accessible\/docButton?AAWhat=builtPage&amp;AAWhere=PROVINCIALFREEMAN.FR1855063021.28505 &amp;AABeanName=toc3&amp;AANextPage=\/printBrowseBuiltPage.jsp<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[44]Mary Ann Shadd\u201c, To Our Readers West,\u201d<em>Provincial Freeman<\/em>, June 9, 1855, Accessible Archives, <a href=\"http:\/\/www. accessible.com\/accessible\/docButton?AAWhat=builtPage&amp;AAWhere=PROVINCIALFREEMAN.FR1855060 921.28354&amp;AABeanName=toc1&amp;AACheck=7.23.5.0.0&amp;AANextPage=\/printBuiltPage.jsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www. accessible.com\/accessible\/docButton?AAWhat=builtPage&amp;AAWhere=PROVINCIALFREEMAN.FR1855060 921.28354&amp;AABeanName=toc1&amp;AACheck=7.23.5.0.0&amp;AANextPage=\/printBuiltPage.jsp<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[45]Vivian May,\u201cIntellectual Genealogies, Intersectionality, and Anna Julia Cooper,\u201d<em>Feminist Solidarity at the Crossroads: Intersectional Women&#8217;s Studies for Transracial Alliance<\/em>, eds. Kim Marie Vaz and Gary L. Lemons, New York: Routledge, 2012, pp. 59\u201371.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[46]Grace Hong,\u201c&#8217;The Future of Our Worlds&#8217;: Black Feminism and the Politics of Knowledge in the Universityunder Globalization,\u201d<em>Meridians<\/em>, vol. 8, no. 2, 2008, pp. 95\u2013115.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[47]Jennifer Nash,&nbsp;<em>Black Feminism Reimagined: After Intersectionality<\/em>, London: Duke University Press, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[48]Jennifer Nash,&nbsp;<em>Black Feminism Reimagined<\/em>, p. 6. \u5173\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u5b89\u5a1c\u00b7\u8331\u8389\u4e9a\u00b7\u5e93\u73c0(Anna Julia Cooper)\u2014\u2014\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u7406\u8bba\u96cf\u5f62\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Vivian May,\u201cIntellectual Genealogies,\u201d\u548cBrittney C. Cooper,&nbsp;<em>Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women<\/em>, Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2017\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Grace Hong,\u201c&#8217;The Future of Our Worlds&#8217;: : Black Feminism,\u201dpp. 95\u2013115\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[49]Frances Smith Foster\u201c, A Narrative,\u201dpp. 714\u2013740.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[50]\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea Frances Smith Foster\u201c, A Narrative,\u201dp. 730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[51]\u53c2\u89c1 Iyko Day,&nbsp;<em>Alien Capital: Asian Racialization and the Logic of Settler Colonial Capitalism<\/em>, London: Duke University Press, 2016\u3002\u5979\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728Lowe\u3001Roediger\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u6279\u8bc4(Lisa Lowe,&nbsp;<em>Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics<\/em>, London: Duke University Press, 1996; David Roediger,&nbsp;<em>The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class<\/em>, London: Verso, 1991.)\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[52]\u5173\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Daniel Rosenberg\u201c, Data before the Fact,\u201d<em>Raw Data Is an Oxymoron<\/em>, ed. Lisa Gitelman, New York: New York University Press, 2013, pp. 15\u201340\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[53]\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Jessica Marie Johnson\u201c, Markup Bodies,\u201dpp. 57\u201379\u3002\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u4f18\u751f\u5b66\u7684 \u9057\u4ea7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1&nbsp;Dean Spade, Rori Rohlfs\u201c, Legal Equality, Gay Numbers and the (After?) Math of Eugenics,\u201d&nbsp;<em>S&amp;F Online<\/em>, vol. 13, no. 2, Spring 2016, sfonline.barnard.edu\/navigating-neoliberalism-in-the-academy- nonprofits-and-beyond\/dean-spade-rori-rohlfs-legal-equality-gay-numbers-and-the-aftermath-of-eugenics\/0\/\u3002\u6709\u5173\u5bf9\u957f\u671f\u5386\u53f2\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u76d1\u63a7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Simone Browne,&nbsp;<em>Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness<\/em>, London: Duke University Press, 2015\u3002\u6709\u5173\u5bf9\u81ea\u8ddf\u8e2a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Jacqueline Wernimont,&nbsp;<em>Numbered Lives: Life and Death in Quantum Media<\/em>, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2018\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[54]\u5173\u4e8e\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u8ba1\u6570\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Molly Farrell,&nbsp;<em>Counting Bodies: Population in Colonial American Writing<\/em>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u53e3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Maggie Walter, Chris Andersen,&nbsp;<em>Indigenous Statistics: A Quantitative Research Methodology<\/em>, New York: Routledge, 2016\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u520a\u300a\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u300b2021\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u8f6c\u8f7d\u8bf7\u8054\u7cfb\u6388\u6743\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4ee519\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5973\u6027\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u9ed1\u4eba\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u5b89\u00b7\u6c99\u5fb7(Mary Ann Shadd, 1823-1893)\u548c\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u767d\u4eba\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u2026\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8176,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2194],"tags":[2429,2478,1282,2477,45,347,2479],"class_list":["post-8172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2194","tag-2429","tag-2478","tag-1282","tag-2477","tag-45","tag-347","tag-2479"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8172","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8172"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8172\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8180,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8172\/revisions\/8180"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8176"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8172"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8172"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/achieve.dhcn.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8172"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}